{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:54:57Z","timestamp":1781607297722,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes\u2009\u2265\u200930\u00a0s are currently considered clinically relevant in stroke diagnostics. However, shorter AF episodes may signal a significant embolic risk, especially in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). This study investigates the prevalence, risk profile, and stroke severity associated with short-duration AF (SDAF\u2009&lt;\u200930\u00a0s) across ischemic stroke subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively enrolled 714 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke or Transient ischemic attacks who underwent\u2009\u2265\u200948-hour ECG monitoring. AF episodes were classified as 0\u201314\u00a0s, 15\u201329\u00a0s, or \u2265\u200930\u00a0s. Stroke subtypes were defined using TOAST and ESUS criteria. Risk profiles, NIH Stroke Scale scores, and CHA\u2082DS\u2082-VASc scores were analyzed by AF duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AF of any duration was detected in 53.8% of patients; 22.8% had episodes\u2009\u2265\u200930\u00a0s and 29.9% had SDAF. Among ESUS patients, 35.7% exhibited SDAF, and 80.2% of these had CHA\u2082DS\u2082-VASc scores\u2009\u2265\u20092. Stroke severity and risk scores were significantly higher in patients with SDAF than those without AF. SDAF was more prevalent in women (37.0%) and in individuals aged\u2009&gt;\u200965 years (89.4%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SDAF is common across stroke subtypes\u2014particularly ESUS\u2014and is associated with elevated thromboembolic risk despite falling below current diagnostic thresholds. These findings highlight a diagnostic blind spot in stroke workup and support reevaluation of duration-based criteria for post-stroke AF detection and risk profiling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T12:38:31Z","timestamp":1755693511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Short-duration atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke: high risk despite subclinical burden-a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0534-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Boettger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolis","family":"Macius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamschid","family":"Sedighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Lemm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Piayda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Unsoeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sossalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Alhaj","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Juenemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Buerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5080_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2017.71.316-319","volume":"71","author":"N Naser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naser N, Kulic M, Dilic M, Dzubur A, Durak A, Pepic E, Smajic E, Kusljugic Z. The cumulative incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and sudden cardiac death in patients with atrial fibrillation. Med Arch. 2017;71:316\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/medarh.2017.71.316-319.","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"5080_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001193","volume":"149","author":"JA Joglar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, Deswal A, Eckhardt LL, Goldberger ZD, Gopinathannair R, et al. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: A report of the American college of cardiology\/american heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:e1\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000001193.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5080_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006274","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.118.006274","volume":"11","author":"JS Steinberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinberg JS, O\u2019Connell H, Li S, Ziegler PD. Thirty-Second gold standard definition of atrial fibrillation and its relationship with subsequent arrhythmia patterns: analysis of a large prospective device database. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11:e006274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circep.118.006274.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"5080_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e364","DOI":"10.1161\/str.0000000000000375","volume":"52","author":"DO Kleindorfer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, Kamel H, Kernan WN, Kittner SJ, Leira EC, et al. 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: A guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021;52:e364-467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/str.0000000000000375.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22667","volume":"40","author":"PE Dilaveris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dilaveris PE, Kennedy HL. Silent atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical impact. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40:413\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.22667.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"5080_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.119.040267","volume":"140","author":"RB Schnabel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schnabel RB, Haeusler KG, Healey JS, Freedman B, Boriani G, Brachmann J, Brandes A, Bustamante A, Casadei B, Crijns H, et al. Searching for atrial fibrillation poststroke: a white paper of the AF-SCREEN international collaboration. Circulation. 2019;140:1834\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.119.040267.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5080_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.040","volume":"154","author":"GYH Lip","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lip GYH, Banerjee A, Boriani G, Chiang CE, Fargo R, Freedman B, Lane DA, Ruff CT, Turakhia M, Werring D, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018;154:1121\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.07.040.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"5080_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams Jr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE 3. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.24.1.35.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70310-7","volume":"13","author":"RG Hart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O\u2019Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ, Cryptogenic Stroke EIWG. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:429\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70310-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5080_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e031508","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.123.031508","volume":"13","author":"K Todo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Todo K, Okazaki S, Doijiri R, Yamazaki H, Sonoda K, Koge J, Iwata T, Ueno Y, Yamagami H, Kimura N, et al. Atrial fibrillation detection and ischemic stroke recurrence in cryptogenic stroke: A retrospective, multicenter, observational study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e031508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.123.031508.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"5080_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chung JW, Park SH, Kim N, Kim WJ, Park JH, Ko Y, Yang MH, Jang MS, Han MK, Jung C, et al. Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification and vascular territory of ischemic stroke lesions diagnosed by diffusion-weighted imaging. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.114.001119.","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001119"},{"key":"5080_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000475","volume":"55","author":"C Bushnell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bushnell C, Kernan WN, Sharrief AZ, Chaturvedi S, Cole JW, Cornwell WK, Cosby-Gaither C, Doyle S, Goldstein LB, Lennon O, et al. 2024 guideline for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2024;55:e344-424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000475.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb020987","volume":"347","author":"GW Albers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Albers GW, Caplan LR, Easton JD, Fayad PB, Mohr JP, Saver JL, Sherman DG. Transient ischemic attack\u2013proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1713\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsb020987.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5080_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2174\/157340310791658730","volume":"6","author":"A Arboix","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arboix A, Alio J. Cardioembolic stroke: clinical features, specific cardiac disorders and prognosis. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010;6:150\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157340310791658730.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"5080_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2017.00164","volume":"19","author":"KS Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong KS. Blood pressure management for stroke prevention and in acute stroke. J Stroke. 2017;19:152\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5853\/jos.2017.00164.","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.100","volume":"85","author":"MT Spooner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Spooner MT, Mess\u00e9 SR, Chaturvedi S, Do MM, Gluckman TJ, Han JK, Russo AM, Saxonhouse SJ, Wiggins NB. 2024 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on practical approaches for arrhythmia monitoring after stroke. JACC. 2025;85:657\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.100.","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"5080_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00266-7","volume":"2","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(03)00266-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5080_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1101.098524","volume":"32","author":"AJ Grau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F, Heinrich A, Goertler M, Neumaier S, Glahn J, Brandt T, Hacke W, Diener HC. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German stroke data bank. Stroke. 2001;32:2559\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hs1101.098524.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.06.028","volume":"124","author":"AG Ording","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ording AG, Horv\u00e1th-Puh\u00f3 E, Prandoni P, Leisner MZ, Farkas DK, Steffensen FH, Olsen M, S\u00f8rensen HT, Schmidt M. Usefulness of CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score to predict stroke risk independent of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124:1059\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.06.028.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"5080_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.10.037","volume":"123","author":"RJ Koene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koene RJ, Alraies MC, Norby FL, Soliman EZ, Maheshwari A, Lip GYH, Alonso A, Chen LY. Relation of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score to risk of thrombotic and embolic stroke in community-dwelling individuals without atrial fibrillation (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities [ARIC] study). Am J Cardiol. 2019;123:402\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.10.037.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"5080_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10725","volume":"314","author":"L Melgaard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melgaard L, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Lane DA, Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB, Lip GYH. Assessment of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting ischemic stroke, thromboembolism, and death in patients with heart failure with and without atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2015;314:1030\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.10725.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5080_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.07.009","volume":"14","author":"H Calkins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, Kim YH, Saad EB, Aguinaga L, Akar JG, Badhwar V, Brugada J, Camm J, et al. 2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:e445\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.07.009.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"5080_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.017","volume":"21","author":"S Tzeis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tzeis S, Gerstenfeld EP, Kalman J, Saad EB, Shamloo AS, Andrade JG, Barbhaiya CR, Baykaner T, Boveda S, Calkins H, et al. 2024 European heart rhythm association\/heart rhythm society\/asia Pacific heart rhythm society\/latin American heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2024;21:e31\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.017.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"5080_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","volume":"42","author":"G Hindricks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstr\u00f6m-Lundqvist C, Boriani G, Castella M, Dan G-A, Dilaveris PE, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European association for Cardio-Thoracic surgery (EACTS): the task force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European society of cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European heart rhythm association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:373\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"5080_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanna T, Diener H-C, Passman Rod S, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein Richard A, Morillo Carlos A, Rymer Marilyn M, Thijs V, Rogers T, Beckers F et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med.370:2478\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1313600","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313600"},{"key":"5080_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gladstone David J, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe Kevin E, Hall J, Vaid H, O\u2019Donnell M, Laupacis A, C\u00f4t\u00e9 R et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med.370:2467\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1311376","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311376"},{"key":"5080_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3931","volume":"80","author":"RA Bernstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernstein RA, Kamel H, Granger CB, Piccini JP, Katz JM, Sethi PP, Pouliot E, Franco N, Ziegler PD, Schwamm LH. Atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke attributed to large- or small-vessel disease: 3-year results from the STROKE AF randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:1277\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.3931.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"5080_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2310234","volume":"390","author":"JS Healey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Healey JS, Lopes RD, Granger CB, Alings M, Rivard L, McIntyre WF, Atar D, Birnie DH, Boriani G, Camm AJ, et al. Apixaban for stroke prevention in subclinical atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:107\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2310234.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5080_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.06.030","volume":"122","author":"T Fredriksson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fredriksson T, Frykman V, Friberg L, Al-Khalili F, Engdahl J, Svennberg E. Usefulness of short-lasting episodes of supraventricular arrhythmia (micro-atrial fibrillation) as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.06.030.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"5080_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000740","volume":"140","author":"PA Noseworthy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noseworthy PA, Kaufman ES, Chen LY, Chung MK, Elkind MSV, Joglar JA, Leal MA, McCabe PJ, Pokorney SD, Yao X, et al. Subclinical and device-detected atrial fibrillation: pondering the knowledge gap: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140:e944-63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000740.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5080_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.029","volume":"129","author":"W Saliba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saliba W, Gronich N, Barnett-Griness O, Rennert G. Usefulness of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores in the prediction of new-onset atrial fibrillation: a population-based study. Am J Med. 2016;129:843\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.029.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5080_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.20.7.864","volume":"20","author":"T Brott","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brott T, Adams HP Jr., Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, Spilker J, Holleran R, Eberle R, Hertzberg V, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.20.7.864.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5080_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-022-02000-7","volume":"111","author":"F Kreimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreimer F, M\u00fcgge A, Gotzmann M. How should I treat patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation and atrial high-rate episodes? Current evidence and clinical importance. Clin Res Cardiol. 2022;111:994\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-022-02000-7.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"5080_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.01.024","volume":"16","author":"CT January","year":"2019","unstructured":"January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, Chen LY, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr., Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Furie KL, et al. 2019 AHA\/ACC\/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American college of cardiology\/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:e66\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.01.024.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"5080_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae280","author":"H Yoshimura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoshimura H, Providencia R, Finan C, Schmidt AF, Lip GYH. Refining the CHA2DS2VASc risk stratification scheme: shall we drop the sex category criterion? Europace. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euae280.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"5080_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813959","volume":"380","author":"HC Diener","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diener HC, Sacco RL, Easton JD, Granger CB, Bernstein RA, Uchiyama S, Kreuzer J, Cronin L, Cotton D, Grauer C, et al. Dabigatran for prevention of stroke after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1906\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1813959.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5080_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1802686","volume":"378","author":"RG Hart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hart RG, Sharma M, Mundl H, Kasner SE, Bangdiwala SI, Berkowitz SD, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, Wang Y, Wang Y, et al. Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1802686.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5080_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949213","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.949213","volume":"9","author":"L Garnier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garnier L, Duloquin G, Meloux A, Benali K, Sagnard A, Graber M, Dogon G, Didier R, Pommier T, Vergely C, et al. Multimodal approach for the prediction of atrial fibrillation detected after stroke: SAFAS study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:949213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.949213.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"5080_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26545","volume":"93","author":"AS von Falkenhausen","year":"2023","unstructured":"von Falkenhausen AS, Feil K, Sinner MF, Sch\u00f6necker S, M\u00fcller J, Wischmann J, Eiffener E, Clauss S, Poli S, Poli K, et al. Atrial fibrillation risk assessment after embolic stroke of undetermined source. Ann Neurol. 2023;93:479\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26545.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5080_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209535","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000209535","volume":"103","author":"LA Sposato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sposato LA, Sur NB, Katan M, Johansen MC, De Marchis GM, Caso V, Fischer U, Chaturvedi S. Embolic stroke of undetermined source: new data and new controversies on cardiac monitoring and anticoagulation. Neurology. 2024;103:e209535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000209535.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5080_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-04008-0","volume":"25","author":"JH Bae","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bae JH, Ryu JC, Ha SH, Cho MS, Cha MJ, Chang JY, Kang DW, Kwon SU, Kim JS, Kim BJ. Factors associated with the detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. BMC Neurol. 2025;25:15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-024-04008-0.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"5080_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067919","volume":"149","author":"SM Patel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patel SM, Ruff CT. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation: weighing the absolute risks and benefits. Circulation. 2024;149:989\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067919.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5080_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00475-7","volume":"24","author":"A Shoamanesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shoamanesh A, Field TS, Coutts SB, Sharma M, Gladstone D, Hart RG, Boriani G, Wright DJ, Sticherling C, Birnie DH, et al. Apixaban versus aspirin for stroke prevention in people with subclinical atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: subgroup analysis of the artesia randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2025;24:140\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00475-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:14:58Z","timestamp":1781604898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05080-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6813617\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='SmallCaps' removed-->Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Association of Westphalia-Lippe (file number 2015-091-fS). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Language editing assistance was supported by AI-based tools (e.g., Microsoft Copilot, and DeepL Write) for grammar and style refinement. No AI tools were used for data analysis, interpretation, or manuscript drafting beyond language support. All content and conclusions were developed by the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}],"article-number":"616"}}