{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T22:07:23Z","timestamp":1757628443808,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum M\u00fcnster"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>While most sudden cardiac deaths are due to structural heart disease or cardiac ischemia, intoxications are rather rare and often unrecognized. Here we present a case of a 35-year-old patient who trickled cumulative 60\u00a0mg of the pure nicotine liquid. This led to cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation. After defibrillation the ECG showed pronounced early repolarization pattern with an AV block I\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T10:22:33Z","timestamp":1757413353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early repolarization pattern with oral liquid nicotine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Wolfes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Reitnauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.3","volume":"83","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benowitz NL. Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83:531\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"5170_CR2","first-page":"495","volume":"27","author":"K Saxena","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saxena K, Scheman A. Suicide plan by nicotine poisoning: a review of nicotine toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1985;27:495\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"5170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.11.003","volume":"195","author":"B Solarino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Solarino B, Rosenbaum F, Riesselmann B, Buschmann CT, Tsokos M. Death due to ingestion of nicotine-containing solution: case report and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;195:e19\u201322.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"5170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33203-1","volume":"13","author":"AP Carll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carll AP, Arab C, Salatini R, et al. E-cigarettes and their lone constituents induce cardiac arrhythmia and conduction defects in mice. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6088.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.83.12.1241","volume":"83","author":"RA Neff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neff RA, Humphrey J, Mihalevich M, Mendelowitz D. Nicotine enhances presynaptic and postsynaptic glutamatergic neurotransmission to activate cardiac parasympathetic neurons. Circ Res. 1998;83:1241\u20137.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"5170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","volume":"43","author":"K Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3997\u20134126.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"5170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.014","volume":"12","author":"C Antzelevitch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antzelevitch C, Yan GX. J-wave syndromes: Brugada and early repolarization syndromes. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:1852\u201366.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"5170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01842-5","volume":"25","author":"M El-Azrak","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Azrak M, Darar C, Boutaybi M, El Ouafi N, Bazid Z. Sudden cardiac death risk stratification of the early repolarization syndrome: an updated review of the literature. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023;25:203\u201312.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"5170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim D, Lee DH, Park H, Jung YH, Lee BK, Kim WY. Early Repolarization Pattern in Post-Resuscitation ECG and Outcomes in Cardiac Arrest Survivors: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2025;zuaf066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuaf066. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40296766.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuaf066"},{"key":"5170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.111.963983","volume":"4","author":"H Watanabe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watanabe H, Nogami A, Ohkubo K, et al. Electrocardiographic characteristics and SCN5A mutations in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation associated with early repolarization. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:874\u201381.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"5170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.033","volume":"16","author":"K Takayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takayama K, Ohno S, Ding WG, et al. A de novo gain-of-function KCND3 mutation in early repolarization syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1698\u2013706.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"5170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac030","volume":"24","author":"AAM Wilde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Marquez MF, et al. European heart rhythm association (EHRA)\/Heart rhythm society (HRS)\/Asia Pacific heart rhythm society (APHRS)\/Latin American heart rhythm society (LAHRS) expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for cardiac diseases. Europace. 2022;24:1307\u201367.","journal-title":"Europace"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:55:48Z","timestamp":1757487348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05170-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The patient gave written consent for anonymous publication of the case.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors approved the manuscript for publication. The patient gave written informed consent for the publication of the case and the non-identifying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"651"}}