{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:45:37Z","timestamp":1793234737287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:45:14Z","timestamp":1765539914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Myocarditis induced by a novel bifunctional PD-1\/CTLA-4 combination antibody: a case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chaoyong","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4353-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"5412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40748-7","volume":"9","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song P, Zhang J, Shang C, Zhang L. Real-world evidence and clinical observations of the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40748-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5412_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz011","volume":"30","author":"O Hamid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, Kefford R, et al. Five-year survival outcomes for patients with advanced melanoma treated with pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-001. Ann Oncol: Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2019;30:582\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdz011.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01581-2","volume":"17","author":"W Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng W, Kang K, Zhao A, Wu Y. Dual blockade immunotherapy targeting PD-1\/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2024;17:54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-024-01581-2.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","volume":"373","author":"J Larkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Cowey CL, Lao CD, et al. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5412_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01503","volume":"41","author":"JR Brahmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brahmer JR, Lee J-S, Ciuleanu T-E, Bernabe Caro R, Nishio M, Urban L, et al. Five-year survival outcomes with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer inCheckMate 227. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2023;41:1200\u201312.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.22.01503.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01015","volume":"40","author":"H-J Lenz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenz H-J, Van Cutsem E, Luisa Limon M, Wong KYM, Hendlisz A, Aglietta M, et al. First-line nivolumab plus low-dose ipilimumab for microsatellite instability-high\/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: the phase II CheckMate 142 study. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2022;40:161\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.01015.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204564","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.4564","volume":"6","author":"T Yau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yau T, Kang Y-K, Kim T-Y, El-Khoueiry AB, Santoro A, Sangro B, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: the CheckMate 040 randomizedclinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6:e204564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.4564.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102536","volume":"70","author":"P Gougis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gougis P, Jochum F, Abbar B, Dumas E, Bihan K, Lebrun-Vignes B, et al. Clinical spectrum and evolution of immune-checkpoint inhibitors toxicities over a decade-a worldwide perspective. EClinicalmedicine. 2024;70:102536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102536.","journal-title":"Eclin Med"},{"key":"5412_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30533-6","volume":"391","author":"JJ Moslehi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moslehi JJ, Salem J-E, Sosman JA, Lebrun-Vignes B, Johnson DB. Increased reporting of fatal immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Lancet (lond Engl). 2018;391:933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30533-6.","journal-title":"Lancet (lond Engl)"},{"key":"5412_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","volume":"375","author":"DB Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson DB, Balko JM, Compton ML, Chalkias S, Gorham J, Xu Y, et al. Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1749\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214.\u00a0","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5412_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30608-9","volume":"19","author":"J-E Salem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salem J-E, Manouchehri A, Moey M, Lebrun-Vignes B, Bastarache L, Pariente A, et al.Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: An observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study. Lancet, Oncol. 2018;19:1579\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30608-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00715-5","volume":"24","author":"AZ Munir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Munir AZ, Gutierrez A, Qin J, Lichtman AH, Moslehi JJ. Immune-checkpoint inhibitor-mediated myocarditis: CTLA4, PD1 andLAG3 in the heart. Nat Rev Cancer. 2024;24:540\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-024-00715-5.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"5412_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02160-6","volume":"85","author":"SJ Keam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keam SJ. Iparomlimab and tuvonralimab: first approval. Drugs. 2025;85:699\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-025-02160-6.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"5412_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02059","volume":"38","author":"D Zamarin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zamarin D, Burger RA, Sill MW, Powell DJ, Lankes HA, Feldman MD, et al. Randomized phase II trial of nivolumab versus nivolumab and ipilimumab for recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer: an NRG oncology study. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2020;38:1814\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.19.02059.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00500-y","volume":"52","author":"WS Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee WS, Yang H, Chon HJ, Kim C. Combination of anti-angiogenic therapy and immune checkpoint blockade normalizes vascular-immune crosstalk to potentiate cancer immunity. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:1475\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-00500-y.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"5412_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae360","volume":"30","author":"C Eng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eng C, Dasari A, Lonardi S, Garcia-Carbonero R, Elez E, Yoshino T, et al. Fruquintinib versus placebo in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: safety analysis of FRESCO-2. Oncologist. 2025;30:oyae360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae360.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"5412_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","volume":"39","author":"BJ Schneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, Lacchetti C, Adkins S, Anadkat M, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events inpatients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2021;39:4073\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.01440.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923","volume":"4","author":"DY Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang DY, Salem J-E, Cohen JV, Chandra S, Menzer C, Ye F, et al. Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol.2018;4:1721\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.3923.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05432-3","volume":"611","author":"ML Axelrod","year":"2022","unstructured":"Axelrod ML, Meijers WC, Screever EM, Qin J, Carroll MG, Sun X, et al. T cells specific for \u03b1-myosin drive immunotherapy-related myocarditis. Nature. 2022;611:818\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05432-3.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5412_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062551","volume":"149","author":"P Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma P, Liu J, Qin J, Lai L, Heo GS, Luehmann H, et al. Expansion of pathogenic cardiac macrophages in immune checkpoint\u00a0inhibitor myocarditis. Circulation. 2024;149:48\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062551.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5412_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmood SS, Fradley MG,Cohen JV, Nohria A, Reynolds KL, Heinzerling LM, et al. Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:1755\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037"},{"key":"5412_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lyon AR, L\u00f3\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1\u00e1ndez T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the european hematology association (EHA), the european society for therapeutic radiology and oncology (ESTRO) and the international cardio-oncology society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43:4229\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244"},{"key":"5412_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrmann J, Lenihan D, Armenian S, Barac A, Blaes A, Cardinale D, et al. Defining cardiovascular toxicities of cancer therapies: an international cardio-oncology society (IC-OS) consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:280\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab674.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab674"},{"key":"5412_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zito C, Manganaro R, Ciappina G, Spagnolo CC, Racanelli V, Santarpia M, et al. Cardiotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: what a cardio-oncology team should know and do. Cancers. 2022;14:5403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14215403.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215403"},{"key":"5412_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.05.026","volume":"74","author":"JJ Moslehi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schulz-Menger J, Collini V, Gr\u00f6\u00f6schel J, Adler Y, Brucato A, Christian V, et al. 2025 ESC guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:3952\u20134041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf192.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"5412_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Q, Yi W, Gao C, Qi T, Li L, Xie K, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking myocardial strain analysis in suspected acute myocarditis: diagnostic value and association with severity of myocardial injury. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-023-03201-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03201-2"},{"key":"5412_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arcari L, Tini G, Camastra G, Ciolina F, De Santis D, Russo D, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in immune check-point inhibitor myocarditis: a systematic review. J Imaging. 2022;8(4):99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8040099.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8040099"},{"key":"5412_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8040099","volume":"8","author":"L Arcari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Nohria A, Hassan MZO, Thuny F, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1733\u201343.","journal-title":"J Imaging"},{"key":"5412_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa051","volume":"41","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei Y, Zheng X, Huang Q, Li X, Qiu M, Liu M. Intrinsic differences in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis: A retrospective analysis of real world data. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.914928.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"5412_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.914928","author":"Y Lei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tiwari D, Aw TC. Optimizing the clinical use of high-sensitivity troponin assays: a review. Diagn (basel Switz). 2023;14:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14010087.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"5412_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14010087","volume":"14","author":"D Tiwari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasbinder A, Ismail A, Salem J-E, Hayek SS. Role of biomarkers in the management of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023;25:959\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-023-01915-5.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"5412_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01915-5","volume":"25","author":"A Vasbinder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furukawa A, Tamura Y, Taniguchi H, Kawamura A, Nagase S, Hayashi A, et al. Prospective screening for myocarditis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Cardiol. 2023;81:63\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.009.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"5412_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.009","volume":"81","author":"A Furukawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furukawa A, Tamura Y, Taniguchi H, Kawamura A, Nagase S, Hayashi A, et al. Prospective screening for myocarditis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Cardiol. 2023;81:63\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.009.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"5412_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2021.01.004","volume":"3","author":"S Waliany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomsitz D, Grabmaier U, Spiro J, Nicolai L, French LE, Massberg S, et al. Optimized monitoring for immune checkpoint inhibitor induced myocarditis using high-sensitivity troponin-T. Eur J Cancer (oxf Engl: 1990). 2025;216:115186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115186.","journal-title":"JACC: CardioOncology"},{"key":"5412_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115186","volume":"216","author":"D Tomsitz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barac A, Wadlow RC, Deeken JF, de Filippi C. Cardiac troponin I and T in ICI myocarditis screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. JACC Cardio oncology. 2024;6:804\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaccao.2024.07.001.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"5412_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2024.07.001","volume":"6","author":"A Barac","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zlotoff DA, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, Nohria A, Hassan MZO, et al. Major adverse cardiovascular events and the timing and dose of corticosteroids in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Circulation.2020;141:2031\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044703.","journal-title":"JACC: CardioOncology"},{"key":"5412_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044703","volume":"141","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heinzerling L, Ott PA, Hodi FS, Husain AN, Tajmir-Riahi A, Tawbi H, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with CTLA4 and PD1 blocking immunotherapy. J Immuno Ther Cancer. 2016;4:50.\u00a050.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-016-0152-y.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5412_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013757","volume":"9","author":"N Palaskas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arangalage D, Delyon J, Lermuzeaux M, Ekpe K, Ederhy S, Pages C, et al. Survival after fulminant myocarditis induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:683\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/L17-0396.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"5412_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0396","volume":"167","author":"D Arangalage","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jain V, Mohebtash M, Rodrigo ME, Ruiz G, Atkins MB, Barac A. Auto immune myocarditis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors treated with antithymocyte globulin. J Immuno ther (hagerst Md,: 1997). 2018;41:332\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000239.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5412_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000239","volume":"41","author":"V Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"40. Khoury ZH, Hausner PF, Idzik-Starr CL, Frykenberg MRA, Brooks JK, Dyalram D, et al. Combination nivolumab\/ipilimumab immunotherapy for melanoma with subsequent unexpected cardiac arrest: A case report and review of literature. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2019;42:313\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000282.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"5412_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000282","volume":"42","author":"ZH Khoury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saibil SD, Bonilla L, Majeed H, Sotov V, Hogg D, Chappell MA, et al. Fatal myocarditis and rhabdomyositis in a patient with stage IV melanoma treated with combined ipilimumab and nivolumab. Curr Oncol (tor Ont,).2019;26:e418\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3747\/co.26.4381.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"5412_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3747\/co.26.4381","volume":"26","author":"SD Saibil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arora P, Talamo L, Dillon P,Gentzler RD, Millard T, Salerno M, et al. Severe combined cardiac and neuromuscular toxicity from immune checkpoint blockade: an institutional case series. Cardio-oncol (lond Engl).2020;6:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40959-020-00076-6.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-020-00076-6","volume":"6","author":"P Arora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valenti-Azcarate R, Esparragosa Vazquez I, Toledano Illan C, Idoate Gastearena MA, G\u00e1\u00e1llego P\u00e9\u00e9rez-Larraya J. Nivolumab and ipilimumab-induced myositis and myocarditis mimicking a myasthenia gravis presentation. Neuromuscul Disord: NMD. 2020;30:67\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.10.006.","journal-title":"Cardio-Oncol"},{"key":"5412_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2019.10.006","volume":"30","author":"R Valenti-Azcarate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hardy T, Yin M, Chavez JA, Ivanov I, ChenW, Nadasdy T, et al. Acute fatal myocarditis after a single dose of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, autopsy findings: a case report. Cardiovasc Pathol: Off J Soc Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;46:107202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107202.","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"5412_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107202","volume":"46","author":"T Hardy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanase T, Moritoki Y, Kondo H, Ueyama D, Akita H, Yasui T. Myocarditis and myasthenia gravis by combined nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma: a case report of successful management. Urol Case Rep. 2021;34:101508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101508.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"5412_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101508","volume":"34","author":"T Yanase","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giblin GT, Dennehy C, Featherstone H, Clarke R, Murphy L, Timlin D, et al. Subclinical myocarditis after combination immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Circ, Heart Fail. 2021;14:e007524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007524.","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"5412_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007524","volume":"14","author":"GT Giblin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lorente-Ros \u00c1\u00c1, Rajjoub-Al-Mahdi E-A, Monteagudo Ruiz JM, Rivas Garc\u00ed\u00eda S, Ortega P\u00e9\u00e9rez R, Fern\u00e1\u00e1ndez Golf\u00ed\u00edn C, et al. Checkpoint immunotherapy-induced myocarditis and encephalitis complicated with complete AV block: not all hope is lost. JACC Case Rep. 2022;4:1032\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaccas.2022.04.020.","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"5412_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2022.04.020","volume":"4","author":"\u00c1 Lorente-Ros","year":"2022","unstructured":"LDelombaerde D, Vervloet D, Berwouts D, Beckers R, Prenen H, Peeters M, et al. Ipilimumab- and nivolumab-induced myocarditis in a patient with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2022;16:275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-022-03487-4.","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep"},{"key":"5412_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03487-4","volume":"16","author":"D Delombaerde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis : case reports and a review of the literature - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35061242\/. Accessed 2025.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"5412_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurnik M, KolarKus P, Krepek M, Vlaovi\u0107\u0107 J, Podbregar M. Fatal rhabdomyolysis and fulminant myocarditis with malignant arrhythmias after one dose of ipilimumab and nivolumab. Immunotherapy. 2024;16:1203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1750743X.2024.2427563.","DOI":"10.1080\/1750743X.2024.2427563"},{"key":"5412_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597259","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597259","volume":"16","author":"A S\u00e1nchez-Camacho","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Camacho A, Torres-Zurita A, Gallego-L\u00f3pez L, Hern\u00e1ndez-Pacheco R, Silva-Romeiro S, de la \u00c1lamo MDC, et al. Management of immune-related myocarditis, myositis and myasthenia gravis (MMM) overlap syndrome: a single institution case series and literature review. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1597259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597259.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:19:39Z","timestamp":1772792379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05412-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hunan, China. The study complied with all applicable local regulations and institutional policies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"204"}}