{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:13:15Z","timestamp":1772165595593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"2021 Tongji Hospital Clinical Research Cultivation Project","award":["ITJ(QN)2108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITJ(QN)2108"]}]},{"name":"2023 Tongji Hospital Clinical Research Cultivation Project","award":["ITJ(QN)2304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITJ(QN)2304"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["20234Y0186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20234Y0186"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan Project of Autonomous Region","award":["2022B03023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B03023-3"]}]},{"name":"Key Discipline Support Plan Project of Shanghai Municipal Health System","award":["2023ZDFC0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDFC0302"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Hospital Development Center Foundation\u2014Shanghai Municipal Hospital Rehabilitation Medicine Specialty Alliance","award":["SHDC22023304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHDC22023304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T05:53:14Z","timestamp":1766814794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a long-term mortality prediction model in acute coronary syndrome survivors: a study of a predominantly male, lower-risk cohort with the capacity to complete cardiopulmonary exercise testing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yumei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyi","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanghe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0358","author":"DL Bhatt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhatt DL, Lopes RD, Harrington RA. Diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.0358.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"25","key":"5465_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982\u20133021.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"5465_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2741","author":"G Georgiopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Georgiopoulos G, Kraler S, Mueller-Hennessen M, et al. Modification of the GRACE risk score for risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA Cardiol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2741.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"5465_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38985.646481.55","author":"KAA Fox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fox KAA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38985.646481.55.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"5465_CR5","first-page":"727","volume":"8","author":"SJ Pocock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pocock SJ, Huo Y, Van de Werf F, et al. Predicting two-year mortality from discharge after acute coronary syndrome: an internationally-based risk score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017;8(8):727\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"5465_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.12.070","volume":"53","author":"J Ke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ke J, Chen Y, Wang X, et al. Machine learning-based in-hospital mortality prediction models for patients with acute coronary syndrome[J]. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;53:127\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5465_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.06.004","volume":"10","author":"Y Ezzatvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ezzatvar Y, Izquierdo M, N\u00fa\u00f1ez J, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(6):609\u201319.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"5465_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.05.051","volume":"66","author":"RA Henderson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henderson RA, Jarvis C, Clayton T, et al. 10-year mortality outcome of a routine invasive strategy versus a selective invasive strategy in non\u2013ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(5):511\u201320.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5465_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2014.04.012","volume":"65","author":"K Omiya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Omiya K, Minami K, Sato Y, et al. Impaired \u03b2-cell function attenuates training effects by reducing the increase in heart rate reserve in patients with myocardial infarction[J]. J Cardiol. 2015;65(2):128\u201333.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"5465_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab110","volume":"42","author":"U Ceglarek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ceglarek U, Schellong P, Rosolowski M, et al. The novel cystatin C, lactate, interleukin-6, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (CLIP)-based mortality risk score in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction[J]. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(24):2344\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"5465_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03018-5","volume":"17","author":"L Cortigiani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cortigiani L, Vecchi A, Bovenzi F, et al. Reduced coronary flow velocity reserve and blunted heart rate reserve identify a higher risk group in patients with chest pain and negative emergency department evaluation[J]. Intern Emerg Med. 2022;17(7):2103\u201311.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"5465_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.09.002","volume":"68","author":"S Kurl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurl S, Jae SY, Voutilainen A, et al. Exercise heart rate reserve and recovery as risk factors for sudden cardiac death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;68:7\u201311.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5465_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314520784","volume":"22","author":"CV Duarte","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duarte CV, Myers J, de Ara\u00fajo CGS. Exercise heart rate gradient: a novel index to predict all-cause mortality. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;22(5):629\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"5465_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o LSR, Gois CO, Fernandes RES, Martins-Filho PRS, Gomes M Neto, Neves VR, Carvalho VO. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic Capacity and Heart Rate Control of Heart Transplant Recipients: a Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;36(1):86-93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21470\/1678-9741-2019-0420. PMID: 33113314; PMCID: PMC7918397.","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2019-0420"},{"key":"5465_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.010","volume":"109","author":"F Grace","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grace F, Herbert P, Elliott AD, et al. High intensity interval training (HIIT) improves resting blood pressure, metabolic (MET) capacity and heart rate reserve without compromising cardiac function in sedentary aging men. Exp Gerontol. 2018;109:75\u201381.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5465_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.09.009","volume":"70","author":"AM Adam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adam AM, Nasir SAR, Merchant AZ, et al. Efficacy of serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and electrolytes in the diagnosis and mortality risk assessment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(3):353\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"issue":"7","key":"5465_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1790","volume":"22","author":"SH Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin SH, Claggett B, Pfeffer MA, et al. Hyperglycaemia, ejection fraction and the risk of heart failure or cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes and a recent acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(7):1133\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"5465_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.03.012","volume":"76","author":"E Yahud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yahud E, Tzuman O, Fink N, et al. Trends in long-term prognosis according to left ventricular ejection fraction after acute coronary syndrome. J Cardiol. 2020;76(3):303\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"5465_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-024-02439-w","author":"J Lenell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lenell J, Lindahl B, Erlinge D, et al. Global longitudinal strain in long-term risk prediction after acute coronary syndrome: an investigation of added prognostic value to ejection fraction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-024-02439-w.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5465_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.068","volume":"45","author":"AJ Kirtane","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kirtane AJ, Leder DM, Waikar SS, et al. Serum blood urea nitrogen as an independent marker of subsequent mortality among patients with acute coronary syndromes and normal to mildly reduced glomerular filtration rates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(11):1781\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5465_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23255","volume":"42","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Wu TT, Yang DL, et al. Decision tree model for predicting in-hospital cardiac arrest among patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(11):1087\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"5465_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0782-8","author":"T K\u0131r\u0131s","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u0131r\u0131s T, Avc\u0131 E, \u00e7elik A. Combined value of left ventricular ejection fraction and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score for predicting mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome who were undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-018-0782-8.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"5465_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14201","volume":"10","author":"RHM Furtado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Furtado RHM, Juliasz MG, Chiu FYJ, et al. Long-term mortality after acute coronary syndromes among patients with normal, mildly reduced, or reduced ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail. 2023;10(1):442\u201352.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"5465_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520949081","author":"S Niu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niu S, Wang F, Yang S, et al. Predictive value of cardiopulmonary fitness parameters in the prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Int Med Res. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520949081.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"5465_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66963-5","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Z, Fan B, Wu Y, et al. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-66963-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T12:34:48Z","timestamp":1769603688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-025-05465-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7592594\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study complied with the Helsinki Declaration of Ethics and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Tongji Hospital (ethics number 2021\u2013125), with a waiver for informed consent.Prior to analysis, patient records\/information were anonymized and de-identified.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"91"}}