{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:25:15Z","timestamp":1771244715024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral Development Foundation of LiHuiLi Hospital","award":["2023BSKY-LR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSKY-LR"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Innovation Fund of the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital","award":["2025-4ZX-MS-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-4ZX-MS-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:27:40Z","timestamp":1769048860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between remnant cholesterol and isolated diastolic hypertension in young adults: a cross-sectional study in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ri","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milanovi\u0107 M et al. Whey proteins and metabolic Dysfunction-Associated steatotic liver disease features: evolving the current knowledge and future trends. Metabolites, 2025. 15(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15080516"},{"issue":"4","key":"5545_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002698","volume":"39","author":"S Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma S, et al. Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates among Chinese adults, 1991\u20132015. J Hypertens. 2021;39(4):740\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02665-3","volume":"13","author":"R He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He R, et al. Self-management in young and middle-aged patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Syst Rev. 2024;13(1):254.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"5545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065938","volume":"8","author":"Y Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao Y, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in china: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):e65938.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34923-5","volume":"8","author":"X Lv","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lv X, et al. Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensive patients aged 18 to 59 years old in the Northeast of China. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17019.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"5545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000157159.39889.EC","volume":"111","author":"SS Franklin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Franklin SS, et al. Predictors of new-onset diastolic and systolic hypertension: the Framingham heart study. Circulation. 2005;111(9):1121\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"5545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002533","volume":"38","author":"T Hisamatsu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hisamatsu T, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension and 29-year cardiovascular mortality risk in Japanese adults aged 30\u201349 years. J Hypertens. 2020;38(11):2230\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"5545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-023-01558-7","volume":"47","author":"DC Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo DC, et al. Remnant cholesterol and risk of incident hypertension: a population-based prospective cohort study. Hypertens Res. 2024;47(5):1157\u201366.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"5545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260764","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1260764","volume":"14","author":"L Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi L, et al. Remnant cholesterol associates with hypertension beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the general US adult population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1260764.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"16","key":"5545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac783","volume":"44","author":"PE St\u00fcrzebecher","year":"2023","unstructured":"St\u00fcrzebecher PE, Katzmann JL, Laufs U. What is \u2018remnant cholesterol\u2019? Eur Heart J. 2023;44(16):1446\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"23","key":"5545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.008","volume":"76","author":"O Casta\u00f1er","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1er O, et al. Remnant Cholesterol, not LDL Cholesterol, is associated with incident cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(23):2712\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"5545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830347","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.830347","volume":"13","author":"MM Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen MM, et al. High remnant cholesterol level potentiates the development of hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:830347.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"5545_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003259","volume":"40","author":"X Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng X, Han L, Shen S. Hypertension, remnant cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. J Hypertens. 2022;40(11):2292\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"5545_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae001","volume":"31","author":"R Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang R, et al. Remnant cholesterol and intensive blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension: a post hoc analysis of the STEP randomized trial\u2020. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31(8):997\u20131004.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19468-8","volume":"15","author":"C Zuo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zuo C, Shen ZD, Lu Y. Systemic immune-inflammation index and uric acid mediate the association between obesity and hypertension in young and middleaged adults. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):35704.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01902-7","volume":"25","author":"W Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou W, et al. Associations of body mass index and remnant cholesterol with hyperuricemia in patients with hypertension. BMC Endocr Disord. 2025;25(1):73.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"5545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951635","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951635","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. The association of remnant cholesterol (RC) and interaction between RC and diabetes on the subsequent risk of hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:951635.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09678-5","volume":"15","author":"L Cui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cui L, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol with new-onset hypertension among middle-aged and older adults in China. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):25296.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5545_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molavizadeh D et al. Long-term cumulative exposure and variability of remnant cholesterol and risk of incident hypertension: A prospective cohort study (2002\u20132018). J Clin Lipidol, 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.09.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01984-4","volume":"22","author":"W Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu W, et al. Cumulative exposure to high remnant-cholesterol concentrations increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):258.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5545_CR21","first-page":"579","volume":"39","author":"LS Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu LS. [2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2011;39(7):579\u2013615.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"5545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 2018. 41(Suppl 1): pp. S13\u201327.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S002"},{"issue":"11","key":"5545_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007","volume":"158","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Levin A. Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(11):825\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30520","volume":"63","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National health and nutrition examination survey 2007\u20132008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3136\u201341.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell FE. Multivariable Modeling Strategies, in Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis, J.F.E. Harrell, Editor. 2015, Springer International Publishing: Cham. pp. 63\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7_4"},{"issue":"22","key":"5545_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044838","volume":"141","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults. Circulation. 2020;141(22):1778\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5545_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.03.026","volume":"112","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, et al. Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of isolated diastolic hypertension in the united States. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;112:93\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0686-x","volume":"18","author":"Y Yano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yano Y, Lloyd-Jones DM. Isolated systolic hypertension in young and Middle-Aged adults. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18(11):78.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01915-y","volume":"22","author":"Y Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Y, et al. Association of remnant cholesterol with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and their coexistence: the mediating role of inflammation-related indicators. Lipids Health Dis. 2023;22(1):158.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5545_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319899622","volume":"27","author":"A Pirillo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pirillo A, Norata GD, Catapano AL. Beyond LDL-C levels, does remnant cholesterol Estimation matter? Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(10):1088\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5545_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306249","volume":"118","author":"BG Nordestgaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride-Rich lipoproteins and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: new insights from Epidemiology, Genetics, and biology. Circ Res. 2016;118(4):547\u201363.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"7855","key":"5545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","volume":"592","author":"P Libby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libby P. The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2021;592(7855):524\u201333.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406960","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/406960","volume":"2014","author":"QN Dinh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dinh QN, et al. Roles of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:406960.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"5545_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0237","volume":"232","author":"YY Tsai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Bollag WB. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced signals mediating aldosterone production. J Endocrinol. 2017;232(2):R115\u201329.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960251110","volume":"25","author":"T Inoue","year":"2002","unstructured":"Inoue T, et al. Possible relationship between insulin resistance and remnant-like lipoprotein particles in coronary endothelial dysfunction. Clin Cardiol. 2002;25(11):532\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5545_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00057-6","volume":"164","author":"H Ohnishi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ohnishi H, et al. Relationship between insulin-resistance and remnant-like particle cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 2002;164(1):167\u201370.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"5545_CR37","unstructured":"General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7\u00b75 million participants. Lancet, 2024. 404(10455): pp. 851\u2013863."},{"issue":"4","key":"5545_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0319688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319688","volume":"20","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with lipid metabolism and 10-year cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(4):e0319688.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"5545_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.04.034","volume":"43","author":"S Yokoyama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yokoyama S, et al. Risk factors for decreased bone mineral density in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A cross-sectional study at a health examination center. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(6):1425\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:51:37Z","timestamp":1771242697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05545-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (Approval No.: 2025K717O-XS001). The use of de-identified retrospective data exempted the study from the requirement for informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"158"}}