{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:45:05Z","timestamp":1774953905747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:53:17Z","timestamp":1773388397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic and pathophysiological significance of serum myeloperoxidase, ischemia-modified albumin, paraoxonase-1 and galectin-3 in COVID-19 - parallels with myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Dundar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songul","family":"Cetik Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1090-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baris","family":"Cil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR1","first-page":"10","volume":"32","author":"SA Narayanan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narayanan SA, Jamison DA Jr, Guarnieri JW, et al. A comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 review, Part 2: host extracellular to systemic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. EJGH. 2024;32(1):10\u201320.","journal-title":"EJGH"},{"key":"5658_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.032","volume":"182","author":"B Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen B, Yi X, Sun Y, et al. Proteomic and metabolomic characterization of COVID-19 patient sera. Cell. 2020;182:59\u201372.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"5658_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228623","volume":"21","author":"E Barberis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barberis E, Timo S, Amede E, et al. Large-scale plasma analysis revealed new mechanisms and molecules associated with the host response to SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:8623.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5658_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010090","volume":"13","author":"JE Tanner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanner JE, Alfieri C. The fatty acid lipid metabolism nexus in COVID-19. Viruses. 2021;13:90.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-025-00196-6","volume":"9","author":"A Mousavi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mousavi A, Shojaei S, Parhizkar P, et al. Ischemic-modified albumin and thiol levels in Coronavirus disease 19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Progn Res. 2025;9(1):13.","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"key":"5658_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127247","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1127247","volume":"14","author":"AH Behnoush","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behnoush AH, Alemohammad SY, Kalantari A, et al. Galectins can serve as biomarkers in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1127247.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05968-4","volume":"12","author":"E Cervantes-Alvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cervantes-Alvarez E, la Rosa NL, la Mora MS, et al. Galectin-3 as a potential prognostic biomarker of severe COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1856.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"5658_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070879","volume":"12","author":"X Gabald\u00f3","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gabald\u00f3 X, Juanpere M, Casta\u00f1\u00e9 H, et al. Usefulness of the measurement of serum paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity in the diagnoses of COVID-19. Biomolecules. 2022;12(7):879.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2157338","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2157338","volume":"12","author":"KHY Chiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiu KHY, Yip CCY, Poon RWS, et al. Correlations of Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Adenosine deaminase (ADA), C\u2013C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22), Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in the nasopharyngeal specimens with the diagnosis and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12(1):e2157338.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010132","volume":"13","author":"W Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin W, Chen H, Chen X, Guo C. The roles of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) in diseases: the new progress. Antioxidants. 2024;13(1):132.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"5658_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107602962096285","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029620962853","volume":"26","author":"A Kichloo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kichloo A, Dettloff K, Aljadah M, et al. COVID-19 and Hypercoagulability: A Review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2020;26:1076029620962853.","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"5658_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199903000-00048","volume":"27","author":"Guidelines for intensive care","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guidelines for intensive care. unit admission, discharge, and triage. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):633\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"5658_CR13","first-page":"2784","volume":"94","author":"A Cersosimo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cersosimo A, Di Pasquale M, Arabia G, Metra M, Vizzardi E. COVID myocarditis: a review of the literature. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2024;94:2784.","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"5658_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152508","volume":"13","author":"N Yaluri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yaluri N, Yaluri AS, \u017de\u0148uch P, et al. Cardiac biomarkers and their role in identifying increased risk of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients. Diagnostics. 2023;13(15):2508.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"5658_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004245","volume":"20","author":"J Stowe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stowe J, Miller E, Andrews N, Whitaker HJ. Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis after a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster and after COVID-19 in those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: a self-controlled case series analysis in England. PLoS Med. 2023;20(6):e1004245.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"5658_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15833","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115833","volume":"24","author":"I Nikitopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nikitopoulou I, Vassiliou AG, Athanasiou N, et al. Increased levels of galectin-3 in critical COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(21):15833.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"5658_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4304","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134304","volume":"12","author":"E Saglam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saglam E, Sener G, Bayrak T, et al. Analysis of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and coagulation parameters in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13):4304.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"5658_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155970","volume":"158","author":"S \u00d6zcan","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d6zcan S, D\u00f6nmez E, Yavuz ST, et al. Prognostic significance of serum galectin-3 in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Cytokine. 2022;158:155970.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"12","key":"5658_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e12514","volume":"8","author":"T Acar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acar T, Ertekin B, Yortanli M. Value of thiol and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in predicting mortality in serious COVID-19 pneumonia. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e12514.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"4","key":"5658_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.24.333","volume":"24","author":"DC Gaze","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gaze DC. Ischemia modified albumin: a novel biomarker for the detection of cardiac ischemia. DMPK. 2009;24(4):333\u201341.","journal-title":"DMPK"},{"issue":"3","key":"5658_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00293-x","volume":"5","author":"A Teo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teo A, Chan LLY, Cheung C, et al. Myeloperoxidase inhibition may protect against endothelial glycocalyx shedding induced by COVID-19 plasma. Commun Med. 2023;5(3):62.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"5658_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qiaf035","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiaf035","volume":"117","author":"A Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh A, Yazid NBM, Morales RF, et al. Early neutrophil responses are potential biomarkers to predict severe COVID-19 in adults. J Leukoc Biol. 2025;117(5):qiaf035.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"5658_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2000278","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202000278","volume":"21","author":"JS Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee JS, Han D, Kim SY, et al. Longitudinal proteomic profiling provides insights into host response and proteome dynamics in COVID-19 progression. Proteomics. 2021;21(11\u201312):e2000278.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"5658_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000137227.54278.29","volume":"15","author":"M Mackness","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mackness M, Durrington P, Mackness B. Paraoxonase 1 activity, concentration and genotype in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15(4):399\u2013404.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5658_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04382-3","volume":"203","author":"M Rafinezhad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rafinezhad M, Kheirouri S, Abbasnezhad M, Alizadeh M. What dietary vitamins and minerals might be associated with paraoxonase-1 serum levels in patients with coronary artery disease? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025;203(6):2935\u201343.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"5658_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730710","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.730710","volume":"12","author":"M Villar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Villar M, Urra JM, Rodr\u00edguez-Del-R\u00edo FJ, et al. Characterization by quantitative serum proteomics of immune-related prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 symptomatology. Front Immunol. 2021;12:730710.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5658_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111606","volume":"418","author":"F Ballester","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ballester F, Gabald\u00f3-Barrios X, Jim\u00e9nez-Franco A, et al. Insights into the diagnostic and prognostic value of paraoxonase 1-related variables and inflammatory markers in community-acquired pneumonia. Chem Biol Interact. 2025;418:111606.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"1","key":"5658_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210971","volume":"14","author":"K Noguchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noguchi K, Tomita H, Kanayama T, et al. Time-course analysis of cardiac and serum galectin-3 in viral myocarditis after an encephalomyocarditis virus inoculation. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210971.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5658_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304735","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1304735","volume":"14","author":"IM Seropian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seropian IM, Cassaglia P, Miksztowicz V, Gonz\u00e1lez GE. Unraveling the role of galectin-3 in cardiac pathology and physiology. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1304735.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5658_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67478","volume":"123","author":"Y Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wu Z, Riwanto M, et al. Myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase-1, and HDL form a functional ternary complex. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(9):3815\u201328.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"5658_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2016.03.011","volume":"49","author":"N Zs\u00edros","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zs\u00edros N, Koncsos P, Lorincz H, et al. Paraoxonase-1 arylesterase activity is an independent predictor of myeloperoxidase levels in overweight patients with or without cardiovascular complications. Clin Biochem. 2016;49(12):862\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"5658_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106556","volume":"187","author":"A Portacci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Portacci A, Diaferia F, Santomasi C, et al. Galectin-3 as prognostic biomarker in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure. Respir Med. 2021;187:106556.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5658_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000163262.83456.6d","volume":"25","author":"SJ Nicholls","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase and cardiovascular disease. ATVB. 2005;25(6):1102\u201311.","journal-title":"ATVB"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1774950396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-05658-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Mardin Artuklu University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (number: 2021\/3, date: 13.12.2021). Our study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.Informed consent forms (signed) were obtained from the all patients and control group. Our study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"269"}}