{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:01:32Z","timestamp":1792094492396,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hochschule Bremerhaven"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) improve survival in patients with cardiac rhythm disorders but carry risks of complications, most notably major infections. Reported infection rates vary internationally, and contemporary large-scale data from Germany are scarce. We aimed to determine nationwide rates of CIED infection-related hospitalizations and associated mortality over a five-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed administrative claims from Germany\u2019s largest statutory health insurer covering more than 27\u00a0million beneficiaries. All CIED procedures performed between January 2015 and December 2019 were identified, including initial implantations, upgrades or downgrades, generator replacements, early revisions, and device extractions. Major infections were detected using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10-GM) and procedural codes, and stratified as generator pocket infections or lead-associated endocarditis. In-hospital mortality was determined from discharge records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 282,205 patients (57.7% male) undergoing CIED procedures, 6,577 individuals (2.33%) experienced 7,704 major infections within three months. Generator pocket infections occurred in 5,396 cases (1.91%), lead-associated endocarditis in 2,308 (0.82%), and combined infections in 1,127 patients (0.39%) within the acute 90-day observation period. CIED infections substantially increased healthcare utilization: Infected patients required substantially more procedures than non-infected patients, despite correct treatment. In-hospital mortality reached 8.36% for pocket infections and 15.0% for endocarditis. Extended follow-up in the 2015 cohort revealed a 4.33% infection-related procedure rate over five years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide German data reveal higher acute CIED infection rates than previously reported, with considerable mortality and procedural burden. These findings highlight an urgent need for improved prevention and management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-06124-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:54:47Z","timestamp":1781229287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trends in cardiac implantable electronic device infections: 2015 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Benito","family":"Baldauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest W.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzia","family":"Giaccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojan","family":"Assadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ch\u00e9valier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kl\u00f6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Vonthein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Bonnemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6124_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.02.012","author":"DC Elissa Rennert-May","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elissa Rennert-May DC, Angel Chu V, Kuriachan, Ranjani Somayaji. 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In accordance with EU General Data Protection Regulation Recital 26, data that are irreversibly anonymized do not constitute personal data. Therefore, the requirement for ethics committee approval and informed consent was waived. The use of these data is regulated under German Social Law (SGB V \u00a7 287) and the German Federal Data Protection Act (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz). Data access, processing, and analysis were conducted in compliance with the applicable national regulations. The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, insofar as applicable to research using anonymized secondary data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"BB currently holds or held the following positions during the last three years - medical consultant\/part of the advisory board of: Abbott, BiolineSupply, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CRM Microport, CrosstecGmbH, DrugsalesLtd., DSE Holding T\u00fcrkiye, Implicity, Kappamed, KimalPLC, M3 Medical\/EcclipseMedical, Medival SRL, Medtronic, Philips\/Spectranetics, SintecSRL, Tauro-ImplantGmbH, Tauropharm GmbH, Transcutan, Transaxis, 4G. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"503"}}