{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:40:44Z","timestamp":1792424444788,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency , King Faisal University Saudi Arabia","award":["project Number KFU253417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project Number KFU253417"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["71974156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71974156"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:19:06Z","timestamp":1784783946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medication non-adherence among heart failure patients: a multi-hospital, multi-dimensional analytical study in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0683-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Arshed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Kiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"lateef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mehmood ul","family":"hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Muhammad Fauzan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Farooq","family":"Umer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4295-7057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javeria","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hassan","family":"Gillani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Jawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6142_CR1","first-page":"400","volume":"9","author":"OA Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed OA, Alreshaid L, Alharbi AB, Farah FA. Factors Affecting Medication Non-Adherence in Adult Patients with Heart Failure: A Narrative Review. Sch Acad J Pharm. 2024;9:400\u20133.","journal-title":"Sch Acad J Pharm"},{"key":"6142_CR2","first-page":"e4302","volume":"32","author":"JG Lima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lima JG, Barros AL, Lopes JD. Factors associated with medication non-adherence among patients with heart failure. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2024;32:e4302.","journal-title":"Rev Latinoam Enferm"},{"issue":"4","key":"6142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3526","volume":"117","author":"I Gunnthorsdottir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gunnthorsdottir I, Almarsdottir AB, Andersen K. Factors Influencing Medication Adherence in Heart Failure Patients\u2014A Survey among Cardiac Healthcare Providers. Cli Pharmacol Ther. 2025;117(4):1088\u201397.","journal-title":"Cli Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"6142_CR4","first-page":"2024","volume":"13","author":"N Gandrakota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gandrakota N, Ramakrishnan M, Sudireddy K, Shah MK. Factors affecting Cost-Related Medication Non-Adherence among US population with Cardiovascular Risk Factors. medRxiv. 2024;13:2024\u201303.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71120-z","volume":"14","author":"M Arshed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arshed M, Umer MF, Kiran M. Prevalence and associated factors of non-adherence to antihyperlipidemic medication: a nationwide cross sectional survey in Pakistan. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):20613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71120-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6142_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3756","author":"M Kunz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kunz M, Schaar JM, Welker KR. Medication adherence in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure: A cross-sectional study in the emergency department (ADHF\u2010ED). Eur J Heart Fail. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3756.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.60014\/pmjg.v14i1.337","volume":"14","author":"DA Fobi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fobi DA, Agyekum F, Doku A, Cardiovascular Diseases. Medication Non-Adherence, and the Potential Of Personalized Medicine: A Comprehensive Review: Cardiovascular Diseases and Medication Non-Adherence. Postgrad Med J Ghana. 2025;14(1):40\u20134.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J Ghana"},{"issue":"6","key":"6142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00972-1","volume":"21","author":"AJ Nelson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nelson AJ, Pagidipati NJ, Bosworth HB. Improving medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;21(6):417\u201329.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"6142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/14796678.2024.2433888","volume":"20","author":"AC Livori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Livori AC, Dalli L, Nicholls SJ, Nelson AJ. Defining, measuring, and addressing medication non-adherence in cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol. 2024;20(15\u201316):819\u201322.","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e098899","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-098899","volume":"15","author":"R Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li R, Li S, Xiao N, Pan S. Cost-related non-adherence in US adults with heart failure: a repeated cross-sectional analysis of the medical expenditure panel survey, 2012 to 2021. BMJ open. 2025;15(5):e098899.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"8","key":"6142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvae139","volume":"23","author":"F Forsyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forsyth F, Tavares S. Unpicking medication discontinuation and non-adherence in heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2024;23(8):e193\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"6142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa097","volume":"7","author":"AA Rasmussen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasmussen AA, Wiggers H, Jensen M. Patient-reported outcomes and medication adherence in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2021;7(4):287\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"6142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arshed M, Kazi AK, Ashraf W et al. Universal Health Coverage: Progress Toward Achieving Universal Health Coverage and Lessons Learned. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/979-8-3373-1992-6.ch002.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-1992-6.ch002"},{"key":"6142_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491764","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1491764","volume":"16","author":"H Arshad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshad H, Gillani AH, Arshed M, Fang Y. Evaluation of physicians\u2019 opioid prescribing practices, attitudes, and interactions with other healthcare professionals in optimizing opioid prescribing in Pakistan. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1491764.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6142_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2160","volume":"23","author":"P Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta P, Voors AA, Patel P, Lane D. Non-adherence to heart failure medications predicts clinical outcomes: assessment in a single spot urine sample by liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry (results of a prospective multicentre study). Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(7):1182\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR16","first-page":"27","volume":"22","author":"AH Gillani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gillani AH, Saeed A, Khanum F. Evaluation of factors associated with medication adherence and hypertension among diabetic patients in Pakistan. Med Universiteria. 2020;22(1):27\u201337.","journal-title":"Med Universiteria"},{"key":"6142_CR17","first-page":"200234","volume":"1","author":"M Huber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huber M, Busch AK, Stalder-Ochsner I, Flammer AJ, Schmid-Mohler G. Medication adherence in adults after hospitalization for heart failure: A cross-sectional study. Int J Cardiol : Cardiovasc Risk Prev. 2024;1:20:200234.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol : Cardiovasc Risk Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rceng.2023.12.010","volume":"224","author":"J Betancourt-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2024","unstructured":"Betancourt-Pe\u00f1a J, Portela-Pino I, Amaral-Figueroa M. Factors related to non-adherence to cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure. Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola (English Edition). 2024;224(1):24\u201333.","journal-title":"Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola (English Edition)"},{"key":"6142_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeed A, Amin QK, Saeed R, Yousafzai ZA. Comparing medication non-adherence in cardiovascular disease patients at public and private hospitals in Peshawar: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and contributing factors. Cureus. 2023;15(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.36345.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36345"},{"issue":"2","key":"6142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.70749\/ijbr.v3i2.616","volume":"3","author":"M Naveen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naveen M, ul Haq I, Hassan M, Aslam U, Alam MI, Khan AA. Non-Compliance of Medication and Precipitating Factors Leading to Acute Heart Failure. Indus J Bioscience Res. 2025;3(2):46\u201351.","journal-title":"Indus J Bioscience Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-021-01236-z","volume":"43","author":"S Mahmood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmood S, Jalal Z, Hadi MA, Khan TM, Haque MS, Shah KU. Prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2021;43(3):486\u2013501.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"6142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1891\/106137407783095757","volume":"15","author":"J Risser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Risser J, Jacobson TA, Kripalani S. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) in low-literacy patients with chronic disease. J Nurs Meas. 2007;15:203\u201319.","journal-title":"J Nurs Meas"},{"key":"6142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105613","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105613","volume":"15","author":"M Arshed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshed M, Gillani AH, Kiran M, Ashraf W, Virk MKS, Umer MF, et al. Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with non-adherence to stroke medication: an analytical, multi-hospital cross-sectional survey in Punjab, Pakistan. BMJ Open. 2025;15:e105613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-105613.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50248","DOI":"10.2196\/50248","volume":"12","author":"M Arshed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arshed M, Mahmud A, Minhat HS, Lim PY, Zakar R. Effectiveness of a Multifaceted Mobile Health Intervention (Multi-Aid-Package) in Medication Adherence and Treatment Outcomes Among Patients With Hypertension in a Low- to Middle-Income Country: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024;12:e50248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/50248.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"6142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-25031-x","volume":"25","author":"M Arshed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshed M, Kiran M, Ashraf W, Virk MKS, Qamer S, Umer MF, et al. Non-adherence to oral antidiabetic medications among patients with type 2 diabetes: evidence from a nationwide multicentre study in a lower-middle-income country. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:4072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-25031-x.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21456-6","volume":"25","author":"M Arshed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshed M, Kiran M, Umer MF, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of adherence to antihypertensive medication: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):2364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-21456-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19968","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72325","volume":"15","author":"GY Tarekegn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshed M, Kiran M, Raashed M, Umar A, Lone SB, Qamer S, et al. Translation, Reliability, Psychometric Validation, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Urdu Version of the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS-U) Among Hypertensive Patients in Lahore, Pakistan: A Validation Study. Health Sci Rep. 2026;9:e72325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72325.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S410371","volume":"31","author":"AS Jarab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jarab AS, Al-Qerem WA, Hamam HW. Medication adherence and its associated factors among outpatients with heart failure. Patient preference adherence. 2023;31:1209\u201320","journal-title":"Patient preference adherence"},{"issue":"6","key":"6142_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvae021","volume":"23","author":"EH Oh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oh EH, Kim CJ, Schlenk EA. A predictive model for medication adherence in older adults with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2024;23(6):635\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"6142_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkubati SA, Aleyadah HK, Alboliteeh M. et.al. Predictors to Poor Quality of Life Among Patients with Heart Failure and Its Correlation with Their Medication Adherence: Finding for Healthcare Improvement and Follow-Up. Patient preference and adherence. 2024;2545\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S503087","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S503087"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04090-9","volume":"24","author":"D Hussein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussein D, Jima AK, Geleta LA, Gashaw K. Medication adherence and associated factors among chronic heart failure patients on follow-up in north Shewa public hospitals, Oromia region, Ethiopia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24(1):444.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"6142_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"9","author":"M Muhammad Arshed","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tarekegn GY, Dagnew FN, Moges TA. Medication non-adherence and its predictors among chronic heart failure patients in Northwest Amhara region. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):19968.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"6142_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9070813","volume":"9","author":"E Alefishat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alefishat E, Jarab AS, Al-Qerem W, Abu-Zaytoun L. Factors associated with medication non-adherence in patients with dyslipidemia. InHealthcare. 2021;9:813.","journal-title":"InHealthcare"},{"key":"6142_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali IS, Shahid R, Asad M. Reasons for Non-compliance with medication and Disease severity among heart failure patients at Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi: Disease Severity among Heart Failure Patients. Pakistan J Health Sci. 2022;184\u20138. https:\/\/proofeditor.public.springernature.app\/eAJ\/journals\/editingplatform.","DOI":"10.54393\/pjhs.v3i05.231"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01816-4","volume":"12","author":"A Carrillo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carrillo A, Belnap BH, Rothenberger SD. Psychosocial predictors of health behavior adherence in heart-failure patients with comorbid depression: a secondary analysis of the Hopeful Heart trial. BMC psychol. 2024;12(1):328.","journal-title":"BMC psychol"},{"key":"6142_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campbell NL, Boustani MA, Skopelja EN, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Murray MD. Medication adherence in older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic evidence-based review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012;10:165\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2012.04.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2012.04.004"},{"issue":"7","key":"6142_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071313","volume":"61","author":"CD Marineci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marineci CD, Valeanu A, Chiri\u021b\u0103 C, Negre\u0219 S, Stoicescu C, Chioncel V. Development and Validation of Predictive Models for Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication. Medicina. 2025;61(7):1313.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"CH Wei-Wei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wei-Wei CH, Run-Lin GA, Li-Sheng LI. China cardiovascular diseases report 2015: a summary. J geriatric cardiology: JGC. 2017;14(1):1.","journal-title":"J geriatric cardiology: JGC"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"LY Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma LY, Chen WW, Gao RL. China cardiovascular diseases report 2018: an updated summary. J geriatric cardiology: JGC. 2020;17(1):1.","journal-title":"J geriatric cardiology: JGC"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.53576\/bashir.004.01.0114","volume":"4","author":"S Hamayun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamayun S, Ullah M, Rehman MU. Rational therapeutic approaches for the management of congestive cardiac failure. J Bashir Inst Health Sci. 2023;4(1):62\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bashir Inst Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6142_CR41","first-page":"204","volume":"22","author":"N Sarrafzadegan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarrafzadegan N, Mohammmadifard N. Cardiovascular disease in Iran in the last 40 years: prevalence, mortality, morbidity, challenges and strategies for cardiovascular prevention. Arch Iran Med. 2019;22(4):204\u201310.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02746-y","volume":"22","author":"N Saki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saki N, Karandish M, Cheraghian B, Heybar H, Hashemi SJ, Azhdari M. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among adults from southwest Iran: Baseline data from Hoveyzeh Cohort Study. BMC cardiovasc disord. 2022;22(1):309.","journal-title":"BMC cardiovasc disord"},{"key":"6142_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Azami-Aghdash S, Gharaee H, Aghaei MH, Derakhshani N. Cardiovascular Disease Patient\u2019s Quality of Life in Tabriz City in Iran in 2018. J Community Health Res. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jchr.v8i4.2080.","DOI":"10.18502\/jchr.v8i4.2080"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00527-7","volume":"51","author":"A Rezaianzadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rezaianzadeh A, Moftakhar L, Seif M, Johari MG, Hosseini SV, Dehghani SS. Incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among population aged 40\u201370 years: a population-based cohort study in the South of Iran. Trop Med Health. 2023;51(1):35.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6142_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-025-01911-7","volume":"25","author":"M Ba\u015farano\u011flu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ba\u015farano\u011flu M, Ta\u015fdemir \u0130K, Akbay E, Doruk HE. Artificial intelligence-based prediction of treatment failure and medication non-adherence in overactive bladder management. BMC Urol. 2025;25(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"6142_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.41.1.9272","volume":"41","author":"M Arshed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arshed M, Mahmud AB, Umer MF, Mashhadi F, Kawish AB. Study protocol for a randomized control trial investigating the effectiveness of a multifaceted mHealth approach on adherence to antihypertensive treatment among patients in Pakistan. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2025;41:22\u20138.","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"6142_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0471-5","volume":"15","author":"AK Kamal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamal AK, Shaikh Q, Pasha O, et al. A randomized controlled behavioral intervention trial to improve medication adherence in adult stroke patients with prescription tailored Short Messaging Service (SMS)-SMS4Stroke study. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0471-5.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"6142_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arshed M, Kazi AK, Kiran M et al. Challenges in Health Equity: Balancing Innovation With Fairness and Addressing Algorithmic Biases. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/979-8-3373-1992-6.ch004.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-1992-6.ch004"},{"key":"6142_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39707","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3064084","volume":"9","author":"A Ishaq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ishaq A, Sadiq S, Umer M. Improving the prediction of heart failure patients\u2019 survival using SMOTE and effective data mining techniques. IEEE access. 2021;9:39707\u201316.","journal-title":"IEEE access"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:02:33Z","timestamp":1792422153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06142-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance of Decleration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Board of the University of Lahore (REC-UOL-\/124\/23), the Rehmatul-Lil-Alameen Institute of Cardiology\u2019s (RAIC PESSI\/Estt\/2022\/94), the Employers\u2019 Social Security Tertiary Hospital Lahore (PESSI-1026) and Integrated Health solutions international. Each participant volunteered to participate and gave their informed consent prior to the study. Complete confidentiality was ensured. Moreover, participants did not receive any financial or material remuneration for completing the questionnaire.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"941"}}