{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:27:43Z","timestamp":1793928463988,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:24:25Z","timestamp":1782962665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic and clinical characteristics and factors associated with complications following permanent pacemaker implantation at a cardiac center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a four-year retrospective record review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ermiyas Abera","family":"Urgesa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beshada Zerfu","family":"Woldegeorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekele Alemayehu","family":"Shashu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejuma","family":"Yadeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6216_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onakpoya UU, Ojo OO, Eyekpegha OJ, Oguns AE, Akintomide AO. Early experience with permanent pacemaker implantation at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36(1):1\u20139.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.177.24425"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/IJCN.IJCN_15_19","volume":"20","author":"D Snegalatha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snegalatha D, Anand J, Seetharaman B, John B. Knowledge and attitude regarding permanent pacemaker and the quality of life of patients after permanent pacemaker implantation. Indian J Continuing Nurs Educ. 2019;20(1):33\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Continuing Nurs Educ"},{"issue":"38","key":"6216_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae466","volume":"45","author":"A Timmis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Timmis A, Aboyans V, Vardas P, Townsend N, Torbica A, Kavousi M, et al. European Society of Cardiology: the 2023 Atlas of Cardiovascular Disease Statistics. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(38):4019\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6216_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz354","volume":"22","author":"A Bonny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Yuyun MF, Karaye KM, Scholtz W, Suliman A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmia services in Africa from 2011 to 2018: the second report from the Pan African Society of Cardiology working group on cardiac arrhythmias and pacing. EP Europace. 2020;22(3):420\u201333.","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvdsp.2018.10.202","volume":"11","author":"A Bonny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Karaye M, Sani M, Anzouan-Kacou J, Talle M, et al. Current cardiac arrhythmia services in Africa: A Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) Cardiac Arrhythmia and Pacing Task Force Report. Archives Cardiovasc Dis Supplements. 2019;11(1):91.","journal-title":"Archives Cardiovasc Dis Supplements"},{"issue":"9","key":"6216_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux353","volume":"20","author":"A Bonny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Jeilan M, Okello E, Kaviraj B, Talle MA, et al. Statistics on the use of cardiac electronic devices and interventional electrophysiological procedures in Africa from 2011 to 2016: report of the Pan African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) Cardiac Arrhythmias and Pacing Task Forces. EP Europace. 2018;20(9):1513\u201326.","journal-title":"EP Europace"},{"issue":"2","key":"6216_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.061","volume":"69","author":"SK Mulpuru","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulpuru SK, Madhavan M, McLeod CJ, Cha Y-M, Friedman PA. Cardiac pacemakers: function, troubleshooting, and management: part 1 of a 2-part series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(2):189\u2013210.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"6216_CR8","first-page":"e350","volume":"117","author":"WC Members","year":"2008","unstructured":"Members WC, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NM III, Freedman RA, et al. ACC\/AHA\/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC\/AHA\/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;117(21):e350\u2013408.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"6216_CR9","first-page":"112","volume":"5","author":"MNR Chac\u00f3n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chac\u00f3n MNR, Romero AEM, S\u00e1nchez DCV, Lema JSP, Marcillo LSA, Romero NMY, et al. Comprehensive overview of cardiac pacemakers: function, types, and clinical applications. Revista Sanitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n. 2024;5(12):112.","journal-title":"Revista Sanitaria de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"issue":"3","key":"6216_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2023.2178901","volume":"20","author":"DA Mei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mei DA, Imberti JF, Vitolo M, Bonini N, Gerra L, Romiti GF, et al. Single-lead VDD pacing: a literature review on short-term and long-term performance. Expert Rev Med Dev. 2023;20(3):187\u201397.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"6216_CR11","first-page":"271","volume":"38","author":"M Schiariti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiariti M, Cacciola M, Puddu PE. Complications of pacemaker implantation. Res Gate. 2011;38(2):271\u201398.","journal-title":"Res Gate"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup361","volume":"12","author":"S Pakarinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pakarinen S, Oikarinen L, Toivonen L. Short-term implantation-related complications of cardiac rhythm management device therapy: a retrospective single-centre 1-year survey. Europace. 2010;12(1):103\u20138.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"6216_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gul EE, Kayrak M. Common pacemaker problems: lead and pocket complications. Modern Pacemakers\u2013Present and Future\/ed MR Das Rijeka, Croatia. 2011:299\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/12965.","DOI":"10.5772\/12965"},{"issue":"11","key":"6216_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2019.1652186","volume":"22","author":"N Cl\u00e9menty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cl\u00e9menty N, Fernandes J, Carion PL, de L\u00e9otoing L, Lamarsalle L, Wilquin-Bequet F, et al. Pacemaker complications and costs: a nationwide economic study. J Med Econ. 2019;22(11):1171\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"8","key":"6216_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2011.03150.x","volume":"34","author":"HG Mond","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mond HG, Proclemer A. The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009\u2013a World Society of Arrhythmia\u2019s project. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(8):1013\u201327.","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00521.x","volume":"246","author":"E Kojic","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kojic E, Hardarson T, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H. The prevalence and prognosis of third-degree atrioventricular conduction block: The Reykjavik study. J Intern Med. 1999;246(1):81\u20136.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2 H3Africa Supp","key":"6216_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-036","volume":"26","author":"GA Mensah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mensah GA, Sampson UK, Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Murray CJ, et al. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2015;26(2 H3Africa Suppl):S6.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.084","volume":"73","author":"A Bonny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Scholtz W, Chin A, Nel G, Anzouan-Kacou J-B, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in Africa: epidemiology, management challenges, and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(1):100\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"6216_CR19","unstructured":"He BJ. Bradycardia and Atrioventricular Block. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, editors. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 13th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Elsevier. 2022;1045."},{"issue":"2","key":"6216_CR20","first-page":"95","volume":"1","author":"R Poorbahador","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poorbahador R, Shad B, Oraii S, Eftekharzadeh M, Mirmasoumi M, Sharif AG, et al. The national survey of cardiac pacemakers and cardioverter defibrillators. J Tehran Univ Heart Cent. 2006;1(2):95\u20139.","journal-title":"J Tehran Univ Heart Cent"},{"issue":"5","key":"6216_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.12.014","volume":"9","author":"EO Udo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Udo EO, Zuithoff NP, van Hemel NM, de Cock CC, Hendriks T, Doevendans PA, et al. Incidence and predictors of short-and long-term complications in pacemaker therapy: the FOLLOWPACE study. Heart rhythm. 2012;9(5):728\u201335.","journal-title":"Heart rhythm"},{"issue":"21","key":"6216_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.09.034","volume":"74","author":"X Jouven","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jouven X, Diop BI, Narayanan K, Adoubi A, Ba SA, Balde D, et al. Cardiac pacing in sub-Saharan Africa: JACC international. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(21):2652\u201360.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"6216_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falase B, Sanusi M, Johnson A. Analysis of a five-year experience of permanent pacemaker implantation at a Nigerian teaching hospital: need for a national database. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;16(1):2\u20137","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.16.16.2644"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR24","first-page":"73","volume":"5","author":"AK Adoubi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adoubi AK, Diby F, Ouattara P, Gnaba A, Kendja F. Single versus dual-chamber pacing in a Sub-Saharan African Heart Center: characteristics and prognosis. Cardiol Cardiovasc Med. 2021;5(1):73\u201385.","journal-title":"Cardiol Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"6216_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020492","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020492","volume":"10","author":"Z Kalarus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kalarus Z, Merkely B, Neu\u017eil P, Grabowski M, Mitkowski P, Marinskis G, et al. Pacemaker-Based Cardiac Neuromodulation Therapy in Patients With Hypertension: A Pilot Study. J Am Heart Association. 2021;10(16):e020492.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"6216_CR26","first-page":"1296","volume":"3","author":"DJ Cantillon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cantillon DJ, Exner DV, Badie N, Davis K, Gu NY, Nabutovsky Y, et al. Complications and health care costs associated with transvenous cardiac pacemakers in a nationwide assessment. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;3(11):1296\u2013305.","journal-title":"JACC: Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"6216_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei DA, Imberti JF, Vitolo M, Bonini N, Serafini K, Mantovani M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact on outcomes of device algorithms for minimizing right ventricular pacing. Europace. 2024;26(8):1\u201311","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae212"},{"issue":"4","key":"6216_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36206","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM36206","volume":"26","author":"DA Mei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mei DA, Imberti JF, Vitolo M, Bonini N, Casali E, Osoro L, et al. Economic evaluations in electrophysiology in the last 15 years: a systematic review of the literature. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2025;26(4):36206.","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"6216_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.49.14.43515","volume":"49","author":"K Dia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dia K, Sarr SA, Mboup WN, Diouf Y, Benghazi N, Mbaye A, et al. Cardiac pacing: indications, modalities, complications, and challenges (results of a multicenter cross-sectional study in four hospitals in Dakar, Senegal). Pan Afr Med J. 2024;49:14.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"6216_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rccar.2019.02.005","volume":"27","author":"DI Vanegas-Cadavid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vanegas-Cadavid DI, Ibat\u00e1-Bernal L, Franco-Garrido PA, Valderrama-Barbosa Z. Complications related to cardiac implantable electronic devices. Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda. 2020;27(5):420\u20137.","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"6216_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imberti JF, Mei DA, Fontanesi R, Gerra L, Bonini N, Vitolo M et al. Low occurrence of infections and death in a real-world cohort of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. J Clin Med. 2023;12(7):2599.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072599"},{"issue":"1","key":"6216_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010091","volume":"12","author":"G Boriani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boriani G, Proietti M, Bertini M, Diemberger I, Palmisano P, Baccarini S, et al. Incidence and predictors of infections and all-cause death in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: the Italian nationwide RI-AIAC registry. J personalized Med. 2022;12(1):91.","journal-title":"J personalized Med"},{"key":"6216_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.16.16.2644","volume":"16","author":"B Falase","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falase B, Sanusi M, Johnson A, Akinrinlola F, Ajayi R, Oke D. Analysis of a five year experience of permanent pacemaker implantation at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital: need for a national database. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;16:16.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6216_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-3-324","volume":"14","author":"DM Sado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sado DM, Lim WY, Thomas M. Cardiology registrars and permanent pacemaker complication rates. Clin Med. 2014;14(3):324.","journal-title":"Clin Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:47:33Z","timestamp":1793926053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06216-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Prior to study commencement, the proposal was submitted to the Department of Internal Medicine and received ethical clearance from the Ethical Review Committees of the College of Health Sciences (reference number: CHS 28\/22). No personal identifiers were included on the data collection form, and access to collected data was restricted to the investigators. Confidentiality was maintained throughout all stages of the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1039"}}