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The Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) approved the creation of the MIMIC-IV database. The study was retrospective, utilized de-identified data, and did not involve direct patient contact, and informed consent was waived because the data were de-identified.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study used de-identified data extracted from the publicly accessible MIMIC-IV database, which does not contain any personal or identifiable patient information. 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