{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:39:04Z","timestamp":1792539544839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Cadre Health Research Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["BJ23016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ23016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:53:16Z","timestamp":1784857996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between normal-weight central obesity and cardiometabolic disorders: a longitudinal analysis from health check-up data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghua","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"6323_CR1","first-page":"s176","volume":"22","author":"CM Apovian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Apovian CM. Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22(7 Suppl):s176\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"6323_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00045-0","volume":"9","author":"XF Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan XF, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):373\u201392.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","volume":"126","author":"ME Piche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piche ME, Tchernof A, Despres JP. Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1477\u2013500.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"6323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.05.013","volume":"122","author":"G Seravalle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seravalle G, Grassi G. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacol Res. 2017;122:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"6323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317240","volume":"126","author":"KJ Moore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore KJ, Shah R. Introduction to the Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and CVD Compendium. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1475\u20136.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70050-0","volume":"1","author":"AA Tahrani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. SGLT inhibitors in management of diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(2):140\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033610","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033610","volume":"13","author":"Z Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai Z, Chen G, Zhao W, et al. Increased Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease in Ideal Weight Adults With History of Overweight\/Obesity in China: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(9):e033610.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"6323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iona A, Bragg F, Fairhurst-Hunter Z et al. Conventional and genetic associations of BMI with major vascular and non-vascular disease incidence and mortality in a relatively lean Chinese population: U-shaped relationship revisited. Int J Epidemiol. 2024;53(5):dyae125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyae125.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae125"},{"issue":"2","key":"6323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","volume":"61","author":"ME Piche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piche ME, Poirier P, Lemieux I, et al. Overview of Epidemiology and Contribution of Obesity and Body Fat Distribution to Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):103\u201313.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2525","volume":"163","author":"KR Sahakyan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahakyan KR, Somers VK, Rodriguez-Escudero JP, et al. Normal-Weight Central Obesity: Implications for Total and Cardiovascular Mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(11):827\u201335.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"6323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.041","volume":"62","author":"JY Hahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hahn JY, Chun WJ, Kim JH, et al. Predictors and outcomes of side branch occlusion after main vessel stenting in coronary bifurcation lesions: results from the COBIS II Registry (COronary BIfurcation Stenting). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(18):1654\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy092","volume":"10","author":"S Schlesinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, Schwedhelm C, et al. Food Groups and Risk of Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(2):205\u201318.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7326\/L16-0074","volume":"165","author":"Y Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Y. Normal-Weight Central Obesity and Mortality Risk. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(4):298.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41986-5","volume":"9","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song P, Li X, Bu Y, et al. Temporal trends in normal weight central obesity and its associations with cardiometabolic risk among Chinese adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5411.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"6323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12570","volume":"18","author":"E Robinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robinson E. Overweight but unseen: a review of the underestimation of weight status and a visual normalization theory. Obes Rev. 2017;18(10):1200\u20139.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-019-0201-5","volume":"38","author":"T Shirasawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Yoshimoto T, et al. Associations between normal weight central obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2019;38(1):46.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"6323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng WY, Li XD, Li J et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Central Obesity among Adults with Normal BMI in Shaanxi, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111439.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111439"},{"issue":"8","key":"6323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161451","volume":"11","author":"AS Olafsdottir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olafsdottir AS, Torfadottir JE, Arngrimsson SA. Health Behavior and Metabolic Risk Factors Associated with Normal Weight Obesity in Adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0161451.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"6323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932019000166","volume":"51","author":"N Kapoor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kapoor N, Furler J, Paul TV, et al. The BMI-adiposity conundrum in South Asian populations: need for further research. J Biosoc Sci. 2019;51(4):619\u201321.","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019200","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019200","volume":"8","author":"A Jo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jo A, Mainous AG 3. Informational value of percent body fat with body mass index for the risk of abnormal blood glucose: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e019200.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"6323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.07.023","volume":"32","author":"Z Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren Z, Sun W, Wang S, et al. Status and transition of normal-weight central obesity and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: A population-based cohort study in China. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(12):2794\u2013802.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03126-w","volume":"23","author":"H Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren H, Guo Y, Wang D, et al. Association of normal-weight central obesity with hypertension: a cross-sectional study from the China health and nutrition survey. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023;23(1):120.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"6323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x","volume":"23","author":"KG Alberti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome\u2013a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006;23(5):469\u201380.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6323_CR24","first-page":"221","volume":"51","author":"Joint Committee on the Chinese Guidelines for Lipid M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joint Committee on the Chinese Guidelines for Lipid M. [Chinese guidelines for lipid management (2023)]. Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi. 2023;51(3):221\u201355.","journal-title":"Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi"},{"issue":"2","key":"6323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1334","volume":"35","author":"J Gomez-Ambrosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Catalan V, et al. Clinical usefulness of a new equation for estimating body fat. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):383\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davila-Batista V, Molina AJ, Fernandez-Villa T et al. The Relation of CUN-BAE Index with Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Adults Aged 50 to 85 Years: The MCC-Spain Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040996.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040996"},{"key":"6323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857930","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.857930","volume":"13","author":"N Mohammadian Khonsari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammadian Khonsari N, Khashayar P, Shahrestanaki E, et al. Normal Weight Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:857930.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"8","key":"6323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237974","volume":"15","author":"N Kapoor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapoor N, Lotfaliany M, Sathish T, et al. Prevalence of normal weight obesity and its associated cardio-metabolic risk factors - Results from the baseline data of the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program (KDPP). PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237974.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.40","volume":"85","author":"A De Lorenzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Lorenzo A, Del Gobbo V, Premrov MG, et al. Normal-weight obese syndrome: early inflammation? Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(1):40\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"6323_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp487","volume":"31","author":"A Romero-Corral","year":"2010","unstructured":"Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, et al. Normal weight obesity: a risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular mortality. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):737\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"6323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.06.001","volume":"20","author":"P Marques-Vidal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marques-Vidal P, Pecoud A, Hayoz D, et al. Normal weight obesity: relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and inflammation. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20(9):669\u201375.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"6323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-70","volume":"13","author":"S Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang S, Kyung C, Park JS, et al. Subclinical vascular inflammation in subjects with normal weight obesity and its association with body fat: an 18 F-FDG-PET\/CT study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:70.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"6323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0220-5","volume":"14","author":"S Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim S, Kyung C, Park JS, et al. Normal-weight obesity is associated with increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:58.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"7121","key":"6323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05488","volume":"444","author":"JP Despres","year":"2006","unstructured":"Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444(7121):881\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"6323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800741","volume":"22","author":"P Deurenberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22(12):1164\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"6323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37100","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37100","volume":"6","author":"L Thaikruea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thaikruea L, Thammasarot J. Prevalence of normal weight central obesity among Thai healthcare providers and their association with CVD risk: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37100.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmsr.2019.08.001","volume":"2","author":"M Tayefi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tayefi M, Tayefi B, Darroudi S, et al. There is an association between body fat percentage and metabolic abnormality in normal weight subjects: Iranian large population. Translational Metabolic Syndrome Res. 2019;2(1):11\u20136.","journal-title":"Translational Metabolic Syndrome Res"},{"key":"6323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.06.010","volume":"104","author":"JA Shepherd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shepherd JA, Ng BK, Sommer MJ, et al. Body composition by DXA. Bone. 2017;104:101\u20135.","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:55:53Z","timestamp":1792536953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06323-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital (Approval No. 004\u2009\u2212\u20091, 2025), and the study complied with the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. As this was a retrospective cohort study using health examination data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by theInstitutional Review Board of Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital. All participant data were anonymized and kept confidential.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"945"}}