{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:51:35Z","timestamp":1791669095574,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Cardiovasc Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:25:07Z","timestamp":1788359107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability and inter-device agreement of multi-site heart rate variability measurements during transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a prospective single-arm methodological physiological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sefa Haktan","family":"HATIK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1835-0493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"BA\u011eCI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4779-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"ARSLAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1182-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berkay Eren","family":"PEHL\u0130VANO\u011eLU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"6556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102893","volume":"236","author":"A Carandina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carandina A, Rodrigues GD, Di Francesco P, Filtz A, Bellocchi C, Furlan L, et al. Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular autonomic control in health and disease. Auton Neurosci. 2021;236:102893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102893.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"6556_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00779","volume":"11","author":"E Mej\u00eda-Mej\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda-Mej\u00eda E, Budidha K, Abay TY, May JM, Kyriacou PA. Heart rate variability and pulse rate variability for the assessment of autonomic responses. Front Physiol. 2020;11:779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.00779.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6556_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-020-00233-x","volume":"39","author":"E Yuda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuda E, Shibata M, Ogata Y, Ueda N, Yambe T, Yoshizawa M, et al. Pulse rate variability: a new biomarker, not a surrogate for heart rate variability. J Physiol Anthropol. 2020;39:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40101-020-00233-x.","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"6556_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102894","volume":"236","author":"K Machetanz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Machetanz K, Berelidze L, Guggenberger R, Gharabaghi A. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and heart rate variability: analysis of parameters and targets. Auton Neurosci. 2021;236:102894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102894.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"6556_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692530","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1692530","volume":"19","author":"A Gharabaghi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gharabaghi A, Keute M. Effects of stimulation site and protocol on autonomic responses to auricular vagus nerve stimulation. Front NeuroSci. 2025;19:1692530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2025.1692530.","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"key":"6556_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-023-00938-w","volume":"33","author":"M Danesh-Soltani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danesh-Soltani M, Azizi B, Sima S, Tavakoli K, Hosseini Mohammadi NS, Vahabie AH, et al. A systematic review of the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability in healthy subjects. Clin Auton Res. 2023;33:165\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-023-00938-w.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"6556_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13933","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933","volume":"58","author":"V Wolf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wolf V, K\u00fchnel A, Teckentrup V, Koenig J, Kroemer NB. Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis. Psychophysiology. 2021;58(11):e13933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13933.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030700","volume":"13","author":"P Atanackov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Atanackov P, Peterlin J, Derlink M, Kova\u010di\u010d U, Kej\u017ear N, Bajrovi\u0107 FF. The acute effects of varying frequency and pulse width of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy adults: A randomized crossover controlled trial. Biomedicines. 2025;13(3):700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13030700.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"6556_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-020-01648-w","volume":"44","author":"AAT Schuurmans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuurmans AAT, de Looff P, Nijhof KS, Rosada C, Scholte RHJ, Popma A, et al. Validity of the Empatica E4 wristband to measure heart rate variability parameters: a comparison to electrocardiography. J Med Syst. 2020;44:190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-020-01648-w.","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"6556_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585870","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.585870","volume":"3","author":"JD Stone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stone JD, Ulman HK, Tran K, Thompson AG, Halter MD, Ramadan JH, et al. Assessing the accuracy of popular commercial technologies that measure resting heart rate and heart rate variability. Front Sports Act Living. 2021;3:585870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2021.585870.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"20","key":"6556_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7995","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207995","volume":"22","author":"A Taoum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taoum A, Bisiaux A, Tilquin F, Le Guillou Y, Carrault G. Validity of ultra-short-term HRV analysis using PPG-A preliminary study. Sensors. 2022;22(20):7995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207995.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"18","key":"6556_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.3390\/s25185745","volume":"25","author":"A Coste","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coste A, Millour G, Hausswirth C. A comparative study between ECG- and PPG-based heart rate sensors for heart rate variability measurements: Influence of body position, duration, sex, and age. Sensors. 2025;25(18):5745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s25185745.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"6556_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-52700-7","author":"CS Zuern","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zuern CS, Felkel M, Tilquin F, Le Guillou Y, Dervieux E, H\u00e4mmerle P, et al. Validation of photoplethysmography-derived short-term heart rate variability using a wearable device. Sci Rep. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-52700-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6556_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104033","volume":"79","author":"BE Ajtay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ajtay BE, B\u00e9res S, Hejjel L. The oscillating pulse arrival time as a physiological explanation regarding the difference between ECG- and photoplethysmogram-derived heart rate variability parameters. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2023;79:104033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104033.","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118308","volume":"10","author":"A Voss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voss A, Schroeder R, Heitmann A, Peters A, Perz S. Short-term heart rate variability\u2014Influence of gender and age in healthy subjects. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0118308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0118308.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00554-8","volume":"31","author":"K Umetani","year":"1998","unstructured":"Umetani K, Singer DH, McCraty R, Atkinson M. Twenty-four hour time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(3):593\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00554-8.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6556_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H493","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00392.2021","volume":"322","author":"PH Charlton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charlton PH, Mariscal Harana J, Vennin S, Li Y, Chowienczyk P, Alastruey J. Assessing hemodynamics from the photoplethysmogram to gain insights into vascular age: a review from VascAgeNet. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2022;322(4):H493\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00392.2021.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"6556_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","volume":"8","author":"S Laborde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research: recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Front Psychol. 2017;8:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6556_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3332","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3332","volume":"13","author":"SH Hatik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hatik SH, Arslan M, Demirbilek \u00d6, \u00d6zden AV. The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cycling ergometry and recovery in healthy young individuals. Brain Behav. 2023;13:e3332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3332.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"17","key":"6556_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176536","volume":"22","author":"M Schaffarczyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schaffarczyk M, Rogers B, Reer R, Gronwald T. Validity of the Polar H10 sensor for heart rate variability analysis during resting state and incremental exercise in recreational men and women. Sensors. 2022;22(17):6536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22176536.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"6556_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3109\/03091900903150998","volume":"33","author":"G Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu G, Yang F, Taylor JA, Stein JF. A comparison of photoplethysmography and ECG recording to analyse heart rate variability in healthy subjects. J Med Eng Technol. 2009;33(8):634\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03091900903150998.","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01","volume":"28","author":"J Allen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allen J. Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. Physiol Meas. 2007;28(3):R1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01.","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"6556_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11736","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38329-w","volume":"13","author":"JW Navalta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navalta JW, Davis DW, Malek EM, Carrier BB, Bodell NG, Manning JW, et al. Heart rate processing algorithms and exercise duration on reliability and validity decisions in biceps-worn Polar Verity Sense and OH1 wearables. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-38329-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6556_CR24","volume-title":"Polar H10 heart rate sensor: features available by the Polar BLE SDK [Internet]","author":"Polar Electro Oy","year":"2026","unstructured":"Polar Electro Oy. Polar H10 heart rate sensor: features available by the Polar BLE SDK. Kempele: Polar Electro Oy. 2026. Available from: Polar BLE SDK official repository. Cited 7 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"6556_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/sports13020029","volume":"13","author":"DW Rogers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rogers DW, Himariotis AT, Sherriff TJ, Proulx QJ, Duong MT, Noel SE, et al. Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of photoplethysmography finger sensor to collect measures of heart rate variability. Sports. 2025;13(2):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sports13020029.","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"6556_CR26","unstructured":"Polar Electro Oy. Polar Verity Sense optical heart rate sensor: features available by the Polar BLE SDK. Kempele: Polar Electro Oy. 2026. Available from: Polar BLE SDK official repository. Cited 7 Aug 2026."},{"key":"6556_CR27","unstructured":"OMRON Healthcare. Instruction manual: M2 Basic (HEM-7121J-E). 2023. https:\/\/www.omron-healthcare.com\/storage\/files\/manuals\/hem-7121j-e\/3275340-4e_3275343-9c_web_im1_2-hem-7121j-e-tr_2023.pdf."},{"key":"6556_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","volume":"5","author":"F Shaffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health. 2017;5:258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6556_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024","volume":"113","author":"MP Tarvainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tarvainen MP, Niskanen JP, Lipponen JA, Ranta-aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV-Heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2014;113(1):210\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","volume":"20","author":"N Yakunina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yakunina N, Kim SS, Nam EC. Optimization of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2017;20(3):290\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12541.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"6556_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58984","DOI":"10.3791\/58984","volume":"143","author":"BW Badran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badran BW, Yu AB, Adair D, Mappin GM, DeVries WH, Jenkins DD, et al. Laboratory administration of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS): Technique, targeting, and considerations. J Visualized Experiments. 2019;143:e58984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/58984.","journal-title":"J Visualized Experiments"},{"issue":"2","key":"6556_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263833","volume":"17","author":"D Geng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geng D, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang J. The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on HRV in healthy young people. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(2):e0263833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263833.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"6556_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13521","volume":"25","author":"LL Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen LL, Sun JB, Yang XJ, Deng H, Qin W, Du MY, et al. Reassessment of the effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using a novel burst paradigm on cardiac autonomic function in healthy young adults. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2022;25(3):433\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13521.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"},{"issue":"2","key":"6556_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001","volume":"14","author":"M Keute","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keute M, Machetanz K, Berelidze L, Guggenberger R, Gharabaghi A. Neuro-cardiac coupling predicts transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effects. Brain Stimul. 2021;14(2):209\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"15","key":"6556_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154385","volume":"13","author":"A Per\u00e7in","year":"2024","unstructured":"Per\u00e7in A, \u00d6zden AV, Yeni\u015fehir S, Pehlivano\u011flu BE, Y\u0131lmaz RC. The effect of in-ear and behind-ear transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on autonomic function: a randomized, single-blind, sham-controlled study. J Clin Med. 2024;13(15):4385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13154385.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"6556_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.09.312","author":"A Per\u00e7in","year":"2025","unstructured":"Per\u00e7in A, \u00d6zden AV, Yeni\u015fehir S, Albayrak HE. Autonomic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation: a randomized, sham-controlled, and single-blind study. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.09.312. Advance online publication.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"},{"issue":"10","key":"6556_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0668","volume":"12","author":"DJ Plews","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plews DJ, Scott B, Altini M, Wood M, Kilding AE, Laursen PB. Comparison of heart-rate-variability recording with smartphone photoplethysmography, Polar H7 chest strap, and electrocardiography. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017;12(10):1324\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0668.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6556_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100698","volume":"10","author":"C Kiran Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiran Kumar C, Manaswini M, Maruthy KN, Siva Kumar AV, Mahesh Kumar K. Association of heart rate variability measured by RR interval from ECG and pulse to pulse interval from photoplethysmography. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2021;10:100698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100698.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"6556_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02066-5","volume":"54","author":"HG Dewig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dewig HG, Cohen JN, Renaghan EJ, Leary ME, Leary BK, Au JS, et al. Are wearable photoplethysmogram-based heart rate variability measures equivalent to electrocardiogram? A simulation study. Sports Med. 2024;54:2927\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-024-02066-5.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"6556_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13441","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13441","volume":"56","author":"L Menghini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menghini L, Gianfranchi E, Cellini N, Patron E, Tagliabue M, Sarlo M. Stressing the accuracy: Wrist-worn wearable sensor validation over different conditions. Psychophysiology. 2019;56(11):e13441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13441.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"}],"container-title":["BMC Cardiovascular Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:44:24Z","timestamp":1791668664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-026-06556-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Bitlis Eren University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee at the meeting dated January 7, 2026, with protocol number 2026\/11. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"900"}}