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Permission was also obtained from the heads of the Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit, and relevant wards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants after clearly explaining the research objectives and procedures upon arrival in the Emergency Department. For patients who were unconscious or unable to provide consent at the time of admission, consent was deferred until the patient regained capacity or was obtained from a legally authorized representative. This study was conducted following the National Guidelines for Research Involving Humans as Research Participants by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) and adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. To maintain confidentiality, all collected data were anonymized, with unique identifiers assigned to each participant. No personal identifiers, such as names or hospital numbers, were included in the dataset. 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