{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:28:52Z","timestamp":1793946532352,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Emerg Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T22:54:10Z","timestamp":1755644050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with combined severe traumatic brain injury and abdominal trauma: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5536-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hohyung","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inhae","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7895-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungwon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2018-0116","volume":"58","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watanabe T, Kawai Y, Iwamura A, Maegawa N, Fukushima H, Okuchi K. Outcomes after traumatic brain injury with concomitant severe extracranial injuries. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2018;58(9):393\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.54913","volume":"18","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Xie J, Xiao X, Li T, Li H, Bai X, et al. Clinical predictors of prognosis in patients with traumatic brain injury combined with extracranial trauma. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(7):1639\u201347.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1320_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1683893","volume":"34","author":"A Tiruneh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiruneh A, Siman-Tov M, Givon A, Trauma Group I, Peleg K. Comparison between traumatic brain injury with and without concomitant injuries: an analysis based on a National trauma registry 2008\u20132016. Brain Inj. 2020;34(2):213\u201323.","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"1320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002970","volume":"90","author":"DA Jakob","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jakob DA, Benjamin ER, Cho J, Demetriades D. Combined head and abdominal blunt trauma in the hemodynamically unstable patient: what takes priority? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;90(1):170\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200106000-00004","volume":"29","author":"AS Sarrafzadeh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarrafzadeh AS, Peltonen EE, Kaisers U, K\u00fcchler I, Lanksch WR, Unterberg AW. Secondary insults in severe head injury\u2013do multiply injured patients do worse? Crit Care Med. 2001;29(6):1116\u201323.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1320_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.83863","volume":"4","author":"Y Yanagawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yanagawa Y. Studying patients of severe traumatic brain injury with severe abdominal injury in Japan. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011;4(3):355\u20138.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"1320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000115650.07193.66","volume":"56","author":"SM Fakhry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fakhry SM, Trask AL, Waller MA, Watts DD. Management of brain-injured patients by an evidence-based medicine protocol improves outcomes and decreases hospital charges. J Trauma. 2004;56(3):492\u20139. discussion 9-500.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"1320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1206","volume":"27","author":"SC Stein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stein SC, Georgoff P, Meghan S, Mizra K, Sonnad SS. 150 years of treating severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of progress in mortality. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(7):1343\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"7641","key":"1320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39461.643438.25","volume":"336","author":"P Perel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Perel P, Arango M, Clayton T, Edwards P, Komolafe E, Poccock S, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ. 2008;336(7641):425\u20139.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050165","volume":"5","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, Butcher I, Lu J, McHugh GS, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8):e165. discussion e.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1320_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.1025","volume":"22","author":"CW Hukkelhoven","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hukkelhoven CW, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD, Farace E, Marmarou A, Murray GD, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and validation of a prognostic score based on admission characteristics. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22(10):1025\u201339.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"1320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70065-X","volume":"9","author":"HF Lingsma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lingsma HF, Roozenbeek B, Steyerberg EW, Murray GD, Maas AI. Early prognosis in traumatic brain injury: from prophecies to predictions. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(5):543\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1320_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0035","volume":"24","author":"GD Murray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murray GD, Butcher I, McHugh GS, Lu J, Mushkudiani NA, Maas AI, et al. Multivariable prognostic analysis in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(2):329\u201337.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"1320_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5505\/tjtes.2012.03453","volume":"18","author":"S Saadat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saadat S, Akbari H, Khorramirouz R, Mofid R, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Determinants of mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2012;18(3):219\u201324.","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200003000-00007","volume":"48","author":"SM Fakhry","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fakhry SM, Brownstein M, Watts DD, Baker CC, Oller D. Relatively short diagnostic delays (<\u20098 hours) produce morbidity and mortality in blunt small bowel injury: an analysis of time to operative intervention in 198 patients from a multicenter experience. J Trauma. 2000;48(3):408\u201314. discussion 414-5.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"1320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.03.004","volume":"35","author":"F Hildebrand","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hildebrand F, Giannoudis P, Kretteck C, Pape HC. Damage control: extremities. Injury. 2004;35(7):678\u201389.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"1320_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000203717.57821.8d","volume":"60","author":"R H\u00e4rtl","year":"2006","unstructured":"H\u00e4rtl R, Gerber LM, Iacono L, Ni Q, Lyons K, Ghajar J. Direct transport within an organized state trauma system reduces mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2006;60(6):1250\u20136. discussion 6.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"1320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181efc15f","volume":"252","author":"SA Bernard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bernard SA, Nguyen V, Cameron P, Masci K, Fitzgerald M, Cooper DJ, et al. Prehospital rapid sequence intubation improves functional outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2010;252(6):959\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1315201","volume":"21","author":"KR Denninghoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denninghoff KR, Nu\u00f1o T, Pauls Q, Yeatts SD, Silbergleit R, Palesch YY, et al. Prehospital intubation is associated with favorable outcomes and lower mortality in protect III. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(5):539\u201344.","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1320_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.030","volume":"41","author":"JM Nijboer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nijboer JM, van der Naalt J, ten Duis HJ. Patients beyond salvation? Various categories of trauma patients with a minimal Glasgow coma score. Injury. 2010;41(1):52\u20137.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"1320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6858","volume":"38","author":"SA Dijkland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dijkland SA, Foks KA, Polinder S, Dippel DWJ, Maas AIR, Lingsma HF, et al. Prognosis in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of contemporary models and validation studies. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38(4):455\u201368.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["BMC Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:17:00Z","timestamp":1757438220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-025-01320-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5337637\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-227X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-227X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ajou University Hospital\/Human Research Protection Center (AJOUIRB-DB-2024-028). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the observational nature of the research. All patient data were anonymised and de-identified prior to analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"161"}}