{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:51:26Z","timestamp":1781632286176,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its prevalence, limited data describe the European prehospital management of drowning victims outside cardiac arrest situations, and clinical decision-making remains heterogeneous across EMS systems. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, prehospital management, and outcomes of drowning patients, and to identify prehospital factors associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective multicenter study including all consecutive adult managed by the emergency medical service (EMS) call-center of the Var department (SAMU 83, France) with a \u201cdrowning\u201d code between January 2019 and October 2022. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify prehospital factors associated with ICU admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 296 included patients, 232 patients (78.3%) were admitted to hospital, including 130 (43.9%) to the ICU. Thirty-eight patients (12.8%) were discharge alive without admission, and 26 (8.8%) died during prehospital management. During hospital stay, 185\/232 (79.7%) required respiratory support, including 51\/185 (27.6%) with mechanical ventilation. Independent factors associated with ICU admission were initial impaired consciousness (OR\u2009=\u20094.4; 95%CI [1.3\u201315.3];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), Szpilman grade\u2009\u2265\u20093 (OR\u2009=\u200929.9; 95%CI [11.0\u201380.9];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and immersion duration\u2009\u2265\u20091\u00a0min (OR\u2009=\u20099.0; 95%CI [2.5\u201332.2];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several prehospital clinical variables were associated with ICU admission in this retrospective cohort. These findings may inform EMS triage decisions, although prospective validation is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was prospectively registered at\n                      <jats:italic>Clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:italic>\n                      on 20 February 2023 (NCT05673486).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-026-01481-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:36:55Z","timestamp":1768912615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prehospital factors associated with ICU admission in drowning patients: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in a French coastal region"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Quentin","family":"Mathais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Jurain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annas","family":"Sebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Mattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Jammes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Kaidomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Rammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Marquer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Belloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Benner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Meaudre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Vergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Boutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05418-x","volume":"15","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Luo D, Zhong P, Dang J, Shi D, Cai S, et al. 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In accordance with the French legislation on human experimentation, the use of health data for epidemiological research, and with the Helsinki declaration of 1975, patients, or relatives, as applicable, have been specifically informed of the details of this study, and of their unconditional right to object to the use of their data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Patients and\/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient and public involvement"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT-5\u00ae (OpenAI\u00ae) in order to improve language and readability. After using this tool\/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"54"}}