{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:02:26Z","timestamp":1790420546918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for ICT infrastructure establishment for clinical and medical research from The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Res Methodol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0457-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T07:15:22Z","timestamp":1515395722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["A comparison of estimators from self-controlled case series, case-crossover design, and sequence symmetry analysis for pharmacoepidemiological studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Shinozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"457_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12186","volume":"275","author":"J Hallas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hallas J, Pottegard A. Use of self-controlled designs in pharmacoepidemiology. J Intern Med. 2014;275(6):581\u20139.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"457_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2330","volume":"21","author":"M Maclure","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maclure M, Fireman B, Nelson JC, Hua W, Shoaibi A, Paredes A, Madigan D. When should case-only designs be used for safety monitoring of medical products? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21(Suppl 1):50\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"457_CR3","first-page":"714","volume":"38","author":"MJ Uddin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uddin MJ, Groenwold RH, Ali MS, de Boer A, Roes KC, Chowdhury MA, Klungel OH. Methods to control for unmeasured confounding in pharmacoepidemiology: an overview. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(3):714\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"5","key":"457_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12671","volume":"80","author":"CL Lai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lai CL, Kuo RN, Chen HM, Chen MF, Chan KA, Lai MS. Risk of hip\/femur fractures during the initiation period of alpha-adrenoceptor blocker therapy among elderly males: a self-controlled case series study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(5):1208\u201318.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"457_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0231-2","volume":"37","author":"NL Pratt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pratt NL, Ramsay EN, Kemp A, Kalisch-Ellett LM, Shakib S, Caughey GE, Ryan P, Graves S, Roughead EE. Ranibizumab and risk of hospitalisation for ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a self-controlled case-series analysis. Drug Saf. 2014;37(12):1021\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"457_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12726","volume":"12","author":"UB Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell UB, Walker AM, Gaffney M, Petronis KR, Creanga D, Quinn S, Klein BE, Laties AM, Lewis M, Sharlip ID, et al. Acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and exposure to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med. 2015;12(1):139\u201351.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"457_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.002","volume":"65","author":"CH Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Health data analysis in Taiwan research G. Case-crossover design: an alternative strategy for detecting drug-induced liver injury. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(5):560\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"457_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0298-4","volume":"38","author":"Y Takeuchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takeuchi Y, Kajiyama K, Ishiguro C, Uyama Y. Atypical antipsychotics and the risk of Hyperlipidemia: a sequence symmetry analysis. Drug Saf. 2015;38(7):641\u201350.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"457_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12696","volume":"80","author":"L Rasmussen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasmussen L, Hallas J, Madsen KG, Pottegard A. Cardiovascular drugs and erectile dysfunction - a symmetry analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(5):1219\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"457_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0278-0","volume":"17","author":"N Gault","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gault N, Castaneda-Sanabria J, De Rycke Y, Guillo S, Foulon S, Tubach F. Self-controlled designs in pharmacoepidemiology involving electronic healthcare databases: a systematic review. BMC Med Res Methodol.  2017;17(1):25.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"457_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2302","volume":"25","author":"HJ Whitaker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whitaker HJ, Farrington CP, Spiessens B, Musonda P. Tutorial in biostatistics: the self-controlled case series method. Stat Med. 2006;25(10):1768\u201397.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"457_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2007.06.016","volume":"52","author":"P Musonda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Musonda P, Hocine MN, Whitaker HJ, Farrington CP. Self-controlled case series analyses: small-sample performance. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2008;52(4):1942\u201357.","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"issue":"8","key":"457_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3451","volume":"22","author":"W Hua","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hua W, Sun G, Dodd CN, Romio SA, Whitaker HJ, Izurieta HS, Black S, Sturkenboom MC, Davis RL, Deceuninck G, et al. A simulation study to compare three self-controlled case series approaches: correction for violation of assumption and evaluation of bias. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(8):819\u201325.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"457_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2006.00554.x","volume":"55","author":"CP Farrington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farrington CP, Whitaker HJ. Semiparametric analysis of case series data. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat. 2006;55(5):553\u201394.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"457_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853","volume":"133","author":"M Maclure","year":"1991","unstructured":"Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133(2):144\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"457_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199605000-00003","volume":"7","author":"S Greenland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Greenland S. Confounding and exposure trends in case-crossover and case-time-control designs. Epidemiology. 1996;7(3):231\u20139.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"20","key":"457_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.960","volume":"20","author":"SK Vines","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vines SK, Farrington CP. Within-subject exposure dependency in case-crossover studies. Stat Med. 2001;20(20):3039\u201349.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"457_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199609000-00005","volume":"7","author":"J Hallas","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hallas J. Evidence of depression provoked by cardiovascular medication: a prescription sequence symmetry analysis. Epidemiology. 1996;7(5):478\u201384.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"457_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-66","volume":"14","author":"NL Pratt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pratt NL, Ilomaki J, Raymond C, Roughead EE. The performance of sequence symmetry analysis as a tool for post-market surveillance of newly marketed medicines: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:66.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"457_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1736","volume":"18","author":"I Tsiropoulos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsiropoulos I, Andersen M, Hallas J. Adverse events with use of antiepileptic drugs: a prescription and event symmetry analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(6):483\u201391.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"457_CR21","unstructured":"Whitaker HJ: The self-controlled case series method. \nhttp:\/\/statistics.open.ac.uk\/sccs\/index.htm\n\n. Accesseed 26 Semtember 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"457_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr038","volume":"174","author":"SV Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang SV, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA, Wellenius GA. Potential for bias in case-crossover studies with shared exposures analyzed using SAS. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(1):118\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"457_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90124-A","volume":"11","author":"C Benichou","year":"1990","unstructured":"Benichou C. Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an international consensus meeting. J Hepatol. 1990;11(2):272\u20136.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"457_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0427-8","volume":"39","author":"P Sarges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarges P, Steinberg JM, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver injury: highlights from a review of the 2015 literature. Drug Saf. 2016;39(9):801\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"457_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2013.07.008","volume":"17","author":"JG Stine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stine JG, Lewis JH. Hepatotoxicity of antibiotics: a review and update for the clinician. Clin Liver Dis. 2013;17(4):609\u201342. ix","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Research Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0457-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T07:15:49Z","timestamp":1515395749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0457-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0457-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"article-number":"4"}}