{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:51:04Z","timestamp":1740135064178,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1099191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1099191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["1104975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1104975"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["200909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200909"]}]},{"name":"Australian Centre of Research Excellence on Malaria Elimination","award":["1134989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1134989"]}]},{"name":"Tropical Network Fund, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Res Methodol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T15:04:22Z","timestamp":1558105462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating antimalarial efficacy in single-armed and comparative drug trials using competing risk survival analysis: a simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2158-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabin","family":"Dahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ric N.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasia","family":"Stepniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"748_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2307\/2530374","volume":"34","author":"RL Prentice","year":"1978","unstructured":"Prentice RL, Kalbfleisch JD, Peterson AV, Flournoy N, Farewell VT, Breslow NE. The analysis of failure times in the presence of competing risks. Biometrics. 1978;34:541\u201354.","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"748_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu131","volume":"35","author":"M Wolbers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolbers M, Koller MT, Stel VS, Schaer B, Jager KJ, Leffondre K, et al. Competing risks analyses: objectives and approaches. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:2936\u201341.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"748_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.443","volume":"14","author":"S Blower","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blower S, Bernoulli D. An attempt at a new analysis of the mortality caused by smallpox and of the advantages of inoculation to prevent it. Rev Med Virol. 2004;14:275\u201388.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"748_CR4","unstructured":"Evelyn F, Jerzy N. A simple stochastic recovery of relapse death and loss of patients. Hum Biol. 1951;Sep:205\u201341."},{"key":"748_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.47.5.601","volume":"47","author":"J Cornfield","year":"1957","unstructured":"Cornfield J. The estimation of the probability of developing a disease in the presence of competing risks. Am J Public Health. 1957;47:601\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"748_CR6","volume-title":"Introduction to stochastic processes in biostatistics","author":"CL Chiang","year":"1968","unstructured":"Chiang CL. Introduction to stochastic processes in biostatistics. New York, USA: Wiley; 1968."},{"key":"748_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032985","volume-title":"The statistical analysis of failure time data","author":"JD Kalbfleisch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The statistical analysis of failure time data; 2002."},{"key":"748_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4384","volume":"31","author":"MT Koller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koller MT, Raatz H, Steyerberg EW, Wolbers M. Competing risks and the clinical community: irrelevance or ignorance. Stat Med. 2012;31:1089\u201397.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"748_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.07.006","volume":"69","author":"C Van Walraven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Walraven C, McAlister FA. Competing risk bias was common in Kaplan-Meier risk estimates published in prominent medical journals. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;69:170\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"748_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7215","volume":"36","author":"PC Austin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Austin PC, Fine JP. Accounting for competing risks in randomized controlled trials : a review and recommendations for improvement. Stat Med. 2017;36:1203\u20139.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"748_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Geneva, Switzerland; 2003."},{"key":"748_CR12","volume-title":"Switzerland","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Methods for surveillance of antimalarial drug efficacy. Geneva. In: Switzerland; 2009."},{"key":"748_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020190","volume":"2","author":"A Yeka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yeka A, Banek K, Bakyaita N, Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Talisuna A, et al. Artemisinin versus nonartemisinin combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria: randomized clinical trials from four sites in Uganda. PLoS Med. 2005;2:0654\u201362.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"748_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032985","volume-title":"The statistical analysis of failure time data","author":"JD Kalbfleisch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. Competing risks and multistate models. In: The statistical analysis of failure time data. 2nd ed. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2002. p. 247\u201377.","edition":"2"},{"key":"748_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.07.002","volume":"59","author":"DA Southern","year":"2006","unstructured":"Southern DA, Faris PD, Brant R, Galbraith PD, Norris CM, Knudtson ML, et al. Kaplan-Meier methods yielded misleading results in competing risk scenarios. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:1110\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"748_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4235-8","volume":"473","author":"S Lacny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lacny S, Wilson T, Clement F, Roberts DJ, Faris PD, Ghali WA, et al. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis overestimates the risk of revision arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:3431\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"748_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990330)18:6<695::AID-SIM60>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"18","author":"TA Gooley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gooley TA, Leisenring W, Crowley J, Storer BE. Estimation of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks: new representations of old estimators. Stat Med. 1999;18:695\u2013706.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"748_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181d99107","volume":"48","author":"R Varadhan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Varadhan R, Weiss CO, Segal JB, Wu AW, Scharfstein D, Boyd C. Evaluating health outcomes in the presence of competing risks: a review of statistical methods and clinical applications. Med Care. 2010;48(6 Suppl):S96\u2013105.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"748_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/00949650701473791","volume":"78","author":"R Bajorunaite","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bajorunaite R, Klein JP. Comparison of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks. J Stat Comput Simul. 2008;78:951\u201366.","journal-title":"J Stat Comput Simul"},{"key":"748_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr213","volume":"41","author":"PK Andersen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andersen PK, Geskus RB, De witte T, Putter H. Competing risks in epidemiology: possibilities and pitfalls. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:861\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"748_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176350951","volume":"16","author":"RJ Gray","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gray RJ. A class of K-sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Ann Stat. 1988;16:1141\u201354.","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"748_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.83","volume":"2","author":"JP Klein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klein JP. Competing risks. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 2010;2:333\u20139.","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics"},{"key":"748_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70024-1","volume":"15","author":"Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AL Dose Impact Study Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AL Dose Impact Study Group. The effect of dose on the antimalarial efficacy of artemether\u2013lumefantrine: a systematic review and pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:692\u2013702.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"748_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0301-z","volume":"13","author":"The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AS-AQ Study Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) AS-AQ Study Group. The effect of dosing strategies on the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. BMC Med. 2015;13:66.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"748_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/3db421e4-3e27-4442-8092-2ad1b778f371","volume":"10","author":"The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) DP Study Group","year":"2013","unstructured":"The WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) DP Study Group. The effect of dosing regimens on the antimalarial efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. PLoS Med. 2013;10:1\u201317.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"748_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00686-12","volume":"57","author":"R Leang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leang R, Barrette A, Bouth DM, Menard D, Abdur R, Duong S, et al. Efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in Cambodia, 2008 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:818\u201326.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"748_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1403007","volume":"371","author":"DL Saunders","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saunders DL, Vanachayangkul P, Lon C. Dihydroartemisinin\u2013Piperaquine Failure in Cambodia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:484\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"748_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161872","volume":"23","author":"BQ Phuc","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phuc BQ, Rasmussen C, Duong TT, Dong LT, Loi MA, Tarning J, et al. Treatment failure of Dihydroartemisinin\/Piperaquine for plasmodium falciparum malaria, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:715\u20137.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"748_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0456-7","volume":"13","author":"WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Lumefantrine PK\/PD Study Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) Lumefantrine PK\/PD Study Group. Artemether-lumefantrine treatment of uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of day 7 lumefantrine concentrations and therapeutic response using individual patient data. BMC Med. 2015;13:227.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"748_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxl040","volume":"8","author":"PR Williamson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williamson PR, Kolamunnage-Dona R, Tudur Smith C. The influence of competing-risks setting on the choice of hypothesis test for treatment effect. Biostatistics. 2007;8:689\u201394.","journal-title":"Biostatistics."},{"key":"748_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther MJ, Lambert PC. Simulating biologically plausible complex survival data. Stat Med. 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5823"},{"key":"748_CR32","unstructured":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing. In: R Foundation for statistical computing; 2017. \n                    https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"748_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017719","volume":"133","author":"PC Austin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Austin PC, Lee DS, Fine JP. Introduction to the analysis of survival data in the presence of competing risks. Circulation. 2016;133:601\u20139.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"748_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2074-7","volume":"16","author":"P Dahal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahal P, Simpson JA, Dorsey G, Gu\u00e9rin PJ, Price RN, Stepniewska K. Statistical methods to derive efficacy estimates of anti-malarials for uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria: pitfalls and challenges. Malar J. 2017;16:430.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"748_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Responding to antimalarial drug resistance. In: World Health Organization. 2017. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/areas\/drug_resistance\/overview\/en\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 5 Dec 2017."},{"key":"748_CR36","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria: third edition. Geneva, Switzerland; 2015."},{"key":"748_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2054","volume":"24","author":"B Freidlin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Freidlin B, Korn EL. Testing treatment effects in the presence of competing risks. Stat Med. 2005;24:1703\u201312.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"748_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.9866","volume":"26","author":"JJ Dignam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dignam JJ, Kocherginsky MN. Choice and interpretation of statistical tests used when competing risks are present. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:4027\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"748_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-72","volume":"14","author":"F Rotolo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rotolo F, Michiels S. Testing the treatment effect on competing causes of death in oncology clinical trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"748_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2655","volume":"26","author":"M Pintilie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pintilie M. Analysing and interpreting competing risk data. Stat Med. 2007;26:1360\u20137.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"748_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-127","volume":"12","author":"B-C Tai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tai B-C, Wee J, Machin D. Analysis and design of randomised clinical trials involving competing risks endpoints. Trials. 2011;12:127.","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"748_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.017","volume":"66","author":"A Latouche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Latouche A, Allignol A, Beyersmann J, Labopin M, Fine JP. A competing risks analysis should report results on all cause-specific hazards and cumulative incidence functions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:648\u201353.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Research Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T23:30:00Z","timestamp":1589585400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0748-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"107"}}