{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:12:17Z","timestamp":1793275937149,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Res Methodol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1563357773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Explainable statistical learning in public health for policy development: the case of real-world suicide data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedokun","family":"Ojelabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0574-6","volume":"59","author":"R A\u00edsa","year":"2014","unstructured":"A\u00edsa R, Clemente J, Pueyo F. The influence of (public) health expenditure on longevity. Int J Public Health. 2014;59(5):867\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"796_CR2","volume-title":"Untapped potential: Investing in health and care data analytics","author":"M Bardsley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bardsley M, Steventon A, Fothergill G: Untapped potential: Investing in health and care data analytics. 2019, 978\u20131\u2013911615-30-9:."},{"key":"796_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.047","volume":"183","author":"S Barzilay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barzilay S, Feldman D, Snir A, Apter A, Carli V, Hoven CW, Wasserman C, Sarchiapone M, Wasserman D. The interpersonal theory of suicide and adolescent suicidal behavior. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:68\u201374.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"796_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozeman SR, Hoaglin DC, Burton TM, Pashos CL, Ben-Joseph RH, Hollenbeak CS. Predicting waist circumference from body mass index. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12(1):115.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-115"},{"issue":"3","key":"796_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213726","volume":"16","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Statistical modeling: the two cultures. Stat Sci. 2001;16(3):199\u2013215.","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4491-5","volume":"17","author":"SB Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi SB, Lee W, Yoon J, Won J, Kim DW. Risk factors of suicide attempt among people with suicidal ideation in South Korea: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):579.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613504966","volume":"25","author":"G Cumming","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cumming G. The new statistics: why and how. Psychol Sci. 2014;25(1):7\u201329.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"796_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171","volume":"21","author":"AV Diez-Roux","year":"2000","unstructured":"Diez-Roux AV. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000;21:171\u201392.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"796_CR9","first-page":"e216","volume":"7","author":"BE Dixon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dixon BE, Pina J, Kharrazi H, Gharghabi F, Richards J. What\u2019s past is prologue: a scoping review of recent public health and global health informatics literature. Online J Public Health Inf. 2015;7(2):e216.","journal-title":"Online J Public Health Inf"},{"key":"796_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00068","volume":"6","author":"S Dolley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dolley S. Big data's role in precision public health. Front Public Health. 2018;6:68.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"796_CR11","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"A Field","year":"2017","unstructured":"Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. 5th ed. London: Sage; 2017.","edition":"5"},{"key":"796_CR12","volume-title":"fingertipsR: Fingertips data for public health","author":"S Fox","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fox S, Flowers J. fingertipsR: Fingertips data for public health; 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"796_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000084","volume":"143","author":"JC Franklin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franklin JC, Ribeiro JD, Fox KR, Bentley KH, Kleiman EM, Huang X, Musacchio KM, Jaroszewski AC, Chang BP, Nock MK. Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(2):187\u2013232.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1667081","volume":"27","author":"R Gamache","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gamache R, Kharrazi H, Weiner JP. Public and population health informatics: the bridging of big data to benefit communities. Yearb Med Inform. 2018;27(1):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"796_CR15","volume-title":"Big data and social science: a practical guide to methods and tools","author":"R Ghani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghani R, Foster I. Big data and social science: a practical guide to methods and tools. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017."},{"key":"796_CR16","unstructured":"Harris J. Data is useless without the skills to analyze it. Harv Bus Rev. 2012;13 September. \n                    https:\/\/hbr.org\/2012\/09\/data-is-useless-without-the-skills\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"796_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction, Springer series in statistics","author":"T Hastie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman J. The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction, Springer series in statistics. New York: Springer; 2009."},{"key":"796_CR18","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. 2nd ed. USA: Guilford Press; 2017.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","volume":"41","author":"WG Hopkins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):3\u201312.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"796_CR20","volume-title":"An introduction to statistical learning with applications in R","author":"G James","year":"2017","unstructured":"James G, Witten D, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. An introduction to statistical learning with applications in R. New York: Springer; 2017."},{"key":"796_CR21","volume-title":"R in action","author":"R Kabacoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabacoff R. R in action. 2nd ed. Shelter Island: Manning; 2015.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv210","volume":"24","author":"H Kharrazi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kharrazi H, Lasser EC, AYasnoff W, Loonsk J, Advani A, Lehmann HP, Chin DC, Weiner JP. a proposed national research and development agenda for population health informatics: summary recommendations from a national expert workshop. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2017;24(1):2\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"6213","key":"796_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa2709","volume":"346","author":"MJ Khoury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khoury MJ, Ioannidis JP. Medicine. Big data meets public health. Science. 2014;346(6213):1054\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"796_CR24","volume-title":"Doing Bayesian data analysis","author":"J Kruschke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kruschke J. Doing Bayesian data analysis. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 2015.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0834-y","volume":"15","author":"AS Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee AS, Pan A, Harbarth S, Patroni A, Chalfine A, Daikos GL, Garilli S, Mart\u00ednez JA, Cooper BS. Variable performance of models for predicting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in European surgical wards. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):105.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"796_CR26","volume-title":"Introduction to statistical mediation analysis","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacKinnon DP. Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York: Erlbaum; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.15265\/IY-2017-035","volume":"26","author":"BL Massoudi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massoudi BL, Chester KG. Public health, population health, and epidemiology informatics: recent research and trends in the United States. Yearb Med Inform. 2017;26(1):241\u20137.","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR28","first-page":"39","volume":"13","author":"LC Messer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Messer LC, Jagai JS, Rappazzo KM, Lobdell DT. Construction of an environmental quality index for public health research. Environ Health Global Access Sci Sour. 2014;13(1):39.","journal-title":"Environ Health Global Access Sci Sour"},{"issue":"1","key":"796_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2011.649445","volume":"7","author":"S Michie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michie S, West R. Behaviour change theory and evidence: a presentation to government. Health Psychol Rev. 2013;7(1):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"796_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.84.2.234","volume":"84","author":"KR Murphy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Murphy KR, Myors B. Testing the hypothesis that treatments have negligible effects: minimum-effect tests in the general linear model. J Appl Psychol. 1999;84(2):234\u201348.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"796_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1574-2","volume":"53","author":"RJ Musci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musci RJ, Kharrazi H, Wilson RF, Susukida R, Gharghabi F, Zhang A, Wissow L, Robinson KA, Wilcox HC. The study of effect moderation in youth suicide-prevention studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(12):1303\u201310.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"796_CR32","volume-title":"Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction","author":"E Pedhazur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pedhazur E. Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction. 3rd ed. London: Harcourt Brace; 1997.","edition":"3"},{"key":"796_CR33","volume-title":"Measurement, design and analysis: an integrated approach","author":"EJ Pedhazur","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pedhazur EJ, Schmelkin LP. Measurement, design and analysis: an integrated approach. Hillsdale; Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1991."},{"key":"796_CR34","unstructured":"Public Health England. Public Health Profiles. 2019. \n                    https:\/\/fingertips.phe.org.uk\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 9 July 2019."},{"issue":"8","key":"796_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy032","volume":"25","author":"JM Reps","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reps JM, Schuemie MJ, Suchard MA, Ryan PB, Rijnbeek PR. Design and implementation of a standardized framework to generate and evaluate patient-level prediction models using observational healthcare data. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2018;25(8):969\u201375.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"796_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12126","volume":"40","author":"D Reynolds","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reynolds D, Hennessy E, Polek E. Is breastfeeding in infancy predictive of child mental well-being and protective against obesity at 9 years of age? Child Care Health Dev. 2014;40(6):882\u201390.","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"796_CR37","volume-title":"Please stop explaining black box models for high stakes decisions","author":"C Rudin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rudin C: Please stop explaining black box models for high stakes decisions. 2018. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.10154"},{"issue":"2","key":"796_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-014-0212-5","volume":"36","author":"SR Samadder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samadder SR, Nagesh Kumar D, Holden NM. An empirical model to predict arsenic pollution affected life expectancy. Popul Environ. 2014;36(2):219\u201333.","journal-title":"Popul Environ"},{"key":"796_CR39","volume-title":"Suicide statistics report 2017","author":"Samaritans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Samaritans. Suicide statistics report 2017. Ewell, Surrey: Author; 2017."},{"issue":"4","key":"796_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024758","volume":"118","author":"KM Sheldon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sheldon KM. Integrating behavioral-motive and experiential-requirement perspectives on psychological needs: a two process model. Psychol Rev. 2011;118(4):552\u201369.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"796_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS330","volume":"25","author":"G Shmueli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shmueli G. To explain or to predict? Stat Sci. 2010;25(3):289\u2013310.","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"796_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17101167","volume":"175","author":"GE Simon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simon GE, Johnson E, Lawrence JM, Rossom RC, Ahmedani B, Lynch FL, Beck A, Waitzfelder B, Ziebell R, Penfold RB, Shortreed SM. Predicting suicide attempts and suicide deaths following outpatient visits using electronic health records. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(10):951\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"796_CR43","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston, London: Pearson; 2013.","edition":"6"},{"issue":"4","key":"796_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.18549\/PharmPract.2016.04.850","volume":"14","author":"CL Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan CL, Gan VBY, Saleem F, MAA H. Building intentions with the theory of planned behaviour: The mediating role of knowledge and expectations in implementing new pharmaceutical services in Malaysia. Pharm Pract. 2016;14(4):850.","journal-title":"Pharm Pract"},{"key":"796_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-5-2","volume":"5","author":"Y Tu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tu Y, Gunnell D, Gilthorpe MS. Simpson\u2019s paradox, Lord\u2019s paradox, and suppression effects are the same phenomenon - the reversal paradox. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2008;5:2.","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"key":"796_CR46","volume-title":"Mastering the data mass","author":"B Veldkamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veldkamp B. Mastering the data mass. Enschede: University of Twente; 2018."},{"issue":"9","key":"796_CR47","first-page":"1","volume":"222","author":"H Wilcox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilcox H, Wissow L, Kharrazi H, Wilson R, Musci R, Zhang A, Robinson K. Data linkage strategies to advance youth suicide prevention. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2016a;222(9):1\u201370.","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess"},{"issue":"11","key":"796_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1281","volume":"165","author":"HC Wilcox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilcox HC, Kharrazi H, Wilson RF, Musci RJ, Susukida R, Gharghabi F, Zhang A, Wissow L, Robinson KA. Data linkage strategies to advance youth suicide prevention: a systematic review for a National Institutes of health pathways to prevention workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2016b;165(11):779\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"796_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12019","volume":"21","author":"NJ Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson NJ, Cordier R. A narrative review of Men's sheds literature: reducing social isolation and promoting men's health and well-being. Health Soc Care Community. 2013;21(5):451\u201363.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Research Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T23:09:11Z","timestamp":1594854551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0796-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Publicly available data were analysed; therefore, no ethics approval or consent was required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}