{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T17:30:09Z","timestamp":1794591009538,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Res Methodol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is frequently used to assess the level of smokers\u2019 nicotine dependence; however, it is unclear how to manage missing items. The aim of this study was to investigate different methods for managing missing items in the FTND.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed a simulation study using data from the Arizona Smokers\u2019 Helpline. We randomly sampled with replacement from the complete data to simulate 1000 datasets for each parameter combination of sample size, proportion of missing data, and type of missing data (missing at random and missing not at random). Then for six methods for managing missing items on the FTND (two involving no imputation and four involving single imputation), we assessed the accuracy (via bias) and precision (via bias of standard error) of the total FTND score itself and of the regression coefficient for the total FTND score regressed on a covariate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>When using the total FTND score as a descriptive statistic or in analysis for both types of missing data and for all levels of missing data, proration performed the best in terms of accuracy and precision. Proration\u2019s accuracy decreased with the amount of missing data; for example, at 9% missing data proration\u2019s maximum bias for the mean FTND was only \u2212\u20090.3%, but at 35% missing data its maximum bias for the mean FTND increased to \u2212\u20096%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For managing missing items on the FTND, we recommend proration, because it was found to be accurate and precise, and it is easy to implement. However, because proration becomes less accurate with more missing data, if more than ~\u200910% of data are missing, we recommend performing a sensitivity analysis with a different method of managing missing data.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01637-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T09:03:23Z","timestamp":1653037403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Managing missing items in the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence: a simulation study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Shannon L.","family":"Gutenkunst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1637_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom K-O. 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The University of Arizona\u2019s Institutional Review Board reviewed the study protocol at the time of original data collection and waived informed consent. Thus, this work complies with the ethical standards of the institutional committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"145"}}