{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T05:39:30Z","timestamp":1794289170790,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-2106-04697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-2106-04697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Res Methodol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a rapid increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in newly industrialized countries, yet epidemiological data is incomplete. We herein report the methodology adopted to study the incidence of IBD in newly industrialized countries and to evaluate the effect of environmental factors including diet on IBD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global IBD Visualization of Epidemiology Studies in the 21st Century (GIVES-21) is a population-based cohort of newly diagnosed persons with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to be followed prospectively for 12\u00a0months. New cases were ascertained from multiple sources and were entered into a secured online system. Cases were confirmed using standard diagnostic criteria. In addition, endoscopy, pathology and pharmacy records from each local site were searched to ensure completeness of case capture. Validated environmental and dietary questionnaires were used to determine exposure in incident cases prior to diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through November 2022, 106 hospitals from 24 regions (16 Asia; 6 Latin America; 2 Africa) have joined the GIVES-21 Consortium. To date, over 290 incident cases have been reported. All patients have demographic data, clinical disease characteristics, and disease course data including healthcare utilization, medication history and environmental and dietary exposures data collected. We have established a comprehensive platform and infrastructure required to examine disease incidence, risk factors and disease course of IBD in the real-world setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GIVES-21 consortium offers a unique opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of IBD and explores new clinical research questions on the association between environmental and dietary factors and IBD development in newly industrialized countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1684980118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Joyce W. Y.","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julajak","family":"Limsrivilai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murdani","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilya","family":"Kaibullayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domingo","family":"Balderramo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Iade","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukesh Sharma","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupa","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Hilmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja Affendi Raja","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Chen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Kei","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Altuwaijri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus K.","family":"Yamamoto-Furusho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Gustavo","family":"Kotze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vui Heng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang Viet","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Abbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Y. L.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia K. W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Hracs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilaad G.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"On behalf of the GIVES-21 Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamei","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanju","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satimai","family":"Aniwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taya","family":"Kitiyakara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamin","family":"Harinwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chalermrat","family":"Bunchorntavakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karjpong","family":"Techathuvanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuripong","family":"Kijdamrongthum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanita","family":"Suttichaimongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panu","family":"Wetwittayakhlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcellus","family":"Simadibrata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari Fahrial","family":"Syam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deka","family":"Larasati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjahjadi Robert","family":"Tedjasaputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlyando Hezron","family":"Saragih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendra","family":"Koncoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhan","family":"Kanabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazira","family":"Kongyrbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assem","family":"Kurmangaliyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yelena","family":"Laryushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toktarova","family":"Perizat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayupova","family":"Venera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaliyakparova","family":"Aidana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Toscani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Nicoloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin Hui","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wong Choon","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harjinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khong Wai","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Tzu","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi-Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puo Hsien","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk-Kay","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsing-Jung","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Hon","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashaar","family":"AlIbrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Nsokolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw","family":"Awuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam Hon","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yip Wai","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Wong","family":"Yun-Sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1944_CR1","unstructured":"Hammer T, Langholz E. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review. Digestive Medicine Research 2020;3.\u00a0https:\/\/cdn.amegroups.cn\/journals\/ales\/files\/journals\/34\/articles\/6855\/public\/6855-PB4-6289-R2.pdf."},{"key":"1944_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","volume":"390","author":"SC Ng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2017;390:2769\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1345\u20131353","key":"1944_CR3","first-page":"e4","volume":"156","author":"S Coward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coward S, Clement F, Benchimol EI, et al. Past and Future Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Based on Modeling of Population-Based Data. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(1345\u20131353):e4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1944_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","volume":"142","author":"NA Molodecky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:46-54 e42 (quiz e30).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1944_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.06.030","volume":"18","author":"PG Kotze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kotze PG, Underwood FE, Damiao A, et al. Progression of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:304\u201312.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"158\u2013165","key":"1944_CR6","first-page":"e2","volume":"145","author":"SC Ng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-pacific Crohn\u2019s and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(158\u2013165):e2.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1944_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","volume":"18","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaplan GG, Windsor JW. The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:56\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","volume":"12","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaplan GG. The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12:720\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.01.028","volume":"18","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN, Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Changing Global Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Sustaining Health Care Delivery Into the 21st Century. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:1252\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","volume":"5","author":"Collaborators GBDIBD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDIBD. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:17\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0233-2","volume":"114","author":"SC Ng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ng SC, Kaplan GG, Tang W, et al. Population Density and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Population-Based Study in 13 Countries or Regions in Asia-Pacific. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114:107\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1944_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307410","volume":"64","author":"SC Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng SC, Tang W, Leong RW, et al. Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study in Asia-Pacific. Gut. 2015;64:1063.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"1944_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15801","volume":"37","author":"R Banerjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banerjee R, Pal P, Hilmi I, et al. Emerging IBD demographics, phenotype and treatment in South Asia, South-East Asia and Middle East: Preliminary findings from the IBD-Emerging Nations\u2019 Consortium. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;37(6):1004\u201315.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy113","volume":"13","author":"C Maaser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, et al. ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;13:144-164K.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1944_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","volume":"157","author":"D Piovani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piovani D, Danese S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:647-659.e4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1944_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S507","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.896","volume":"13","author":"G Trakman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trakman G, Lin WYY, Wilson-O\u2019brien A, et al. P772 Development and validation of tools to assess food additive intake: the ENIGMA study. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:S507\u2013S507.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1944_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03935.x","volume":"54","author":"LC de Groot","year":"1996","unstructured":"de Groot LC, van Staveren WA, Burema J. Survival beyond age 70 in relation to diet. Nutr Rev. 1996;54:211\u20132.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1944_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601150","volume":"55","author":"J Woo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woo J, Woo KS, Leung SS, et al. The Mediterranean score of dietary habits in Chinese populations in four different geographical areas. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:215\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1944_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000228553","volume":"27","author":"PL Lakatos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lakatos PL. Environmental factors affecting inflammatory bowel disease: have we made progress? Dig Dis. 2009;27:215\u201325.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"1944_CR20","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49).\u00a0https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/."},{"key":"1944_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.063","volume":"126","author":"EV Loftus Jr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1504\u201317.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"313\u2013321","key":"1944_CR22","first-page":"e2","volume":"152","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Understanding and Preventing the Global Increase of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(313\u2013321):e2.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1944_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.34","volume":"12","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan AN. Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12:205\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1944_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0111-5","volume":"12","author":"KM Maslowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maslowski KM, Mackay CR. Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:5\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1944_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2001134","volume":"61","author":"MC Lomer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lomer MC, Thompson RP, Powell JJ. Fine and ultrafine particles of the diet: influence on the mucosal immune response and association with Crohn\u2019s disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002;61:123\u201330.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"1944_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laudisi F, Stolfi C, Monteleone G. Impact of Food Additives on Gut Homeostasis. Nutrients. 2019;11:2334.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11102334.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102334"},{"key":"1944_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","volume":"519","author":"B Chassaing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chassaing B, Koren O, Goodrich JK, et al. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2015;519:92\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1944_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1017700","volume":"6","author":"J Suez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suez J, Korem T, Zilberman-Schapira G, et al. Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. Gut Microbes. 2015;6:149\u201355.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1944_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.01.046","volume":"18","author":"A Levine","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levine A, Rhodes JM, Lindsay JO, et al. Dietary Guidance From the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:1381\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Research Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:03:16Z","timestamp":1684980196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-023-01944-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved this study (2020.574). All recruited subjects gave written consent. Recruitment of subjects and data collection was managed by trained and experienced research staff. Data were stored in a study-specific, secured online database and would be adequately protected to maintain security and privacy. The database contained different pre-defined levels of researcher access.This study is conducted in compliance with Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-GCP guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Ng has received honoraria for speaking or consultancy for Janssen, Abbvie, Takeda, Ferring, Tilotts, Menarini, Pfizer. She has received research support from Olympus, Ferring, Janssen and Abbvie.Dr. Kaplan has received honoraria for speaking or consultancy from AbbVie, Janssen, Pfizer,91 Amgen, and Takeda. He has received research support from Ferring, Janssen, AbbVie, Glaxo Smith Kline, Merck, and Shire. He has been a consultant for Gilead. He shares ownership of a patent: TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE, AND PBC. UTI Limited Partnership, assignee. Patent WO2019046959A1. PCT\/CA2018\/051098. 7 Sept. 2018.Dr. Bernstein is supported by the Bingham Chair in Gastroenterology. Dr. Bernstein has served on advisory Boards for AbbVie Canada, Amgen Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada, Roche Canada, JAMP Pharmaceuticals Canada, Janssen Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada, and Pfizer Canada; Consultant for Mylan Pharmaceuticals and Takeda; Educational grants from Abbvie Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada \\, Pfizer Canada, Takeda Canada, and Janssen Canada. Speaker\u2019s panel for Abbvie Canada, Janssen Canada, Pfizer Canada, and Takeda Canada. Received research funding from Abbvie Canada and, Amgen Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada, Pfizer Canada.Dr. Kotze has received speaking and consultancy honorarium from Pfizer, Janssen, Takeda, Abbvie and Novartis. He also received scientific grants from Takeda and PfizerDr. Gearry has received honoraria, consultancy, or research grants from AbbVie, Janssen, Celltrion, Takeda, Ferring and Zespri.Dr. Yamamoto-Furusho has consulted or served on advisory boards for: AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferring pharmaceutical, Janssen, Pfizer and Takeda; Teaching, lecturing, or speaking: Abbvie, Carnot, Celltrion, Schering-Plough, Falk foundation, Ferring, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Takeda, UCB, Grants\/Research Support: Shire, Bristol Myers, Celgene, Takeda.Dr. Shu Chen Wei has consulted or served on advisory boards for: AbbVie, Celltrion, Ferring.Pharmaceuticals Inc., Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda, and Tanabe and receives lecture fees from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Excelsior Biopharma Inc., Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Janssen, Takeda, Tanabe.Dr. Paulo G. Kotze has received speaking and consultancy honorarium from Pfizer, Janssen, Takeda, AbbVie, and Novartis, and also has received scientific grants from Takeda and Pfizer.Dr. Maria T. Abreu has consulted or served on advisory boards or as a consultant for AbbVie Inc, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celsius, Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Helmsley Charitable Trust, Janssen, Microba, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, UCB Biopharma, WebMD Global LLC and has served as a speaker for Alimentiv, Janssen, Prime CME, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.Dr. David Rubin has received grant support from Takeda, and has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Altrubio, Aslan Pharmaceuticals, Athos Therapeutics, Bellatrix Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Chronicles, Corp\/Syneos, ClostraBio, Connect BioPharma, Eco R1, Genentech\/Roche, Gilead Sciences, Iterative Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kaleido Biosciences, Lilly, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, Reistone, Seres Therapeutics, Takeda, Target RWE, and Trellus Health.Dr. Iris Dotan has received grant support from BMS and Altman Research and has served as a consultant\/advisor\/speaker to Abbvie, Abbott, Athos, Arena, BMS\/Celgene, Celltrion, Cambridge Healthcare, Eli-Lilly, Falk Pharma, Food Industries Organization, Gilead, Galapagos, Genentech\/Roche, Iterative Scopes, Integra Holdings, Janssen, Neopharm, Pfizer, Rafa Laboratories, Sublimity, Sangamo, Takeda, Wilbio, Dr. Panu Wetwittayakhlang M.D. has been a speaker and\/or advisory board member: Takeda, Pfizer, Janssen, Ferring, A. Menerini, and MSD.No conflict of interests for other authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"129"}}