{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:23:57Z","timestamp":1793215437705,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Fam Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T11:04:43Z","timestamp":1557831883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":175,"title":["Epstein-Barr virus and its association with disease - a review of relevance to general practice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Fugl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christen Lykkegaard","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-016-0059-3","volume":"16","author":"NM Sarwari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarwari NM, Khoury JD, Hernandez CM. Chronic Epstein Barr virus infection leading to classical Hodgkin lymphoma. BMC Hematol. 2016;16:19.","journal-title":"BMC Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mej.0000224431.36376.71","volume":"14","author":"FJ Glynn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glynn FJ, Mackle T, Kinsella J. Upper airway obstruction in infectious mononucleosis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2007;14(1):41\u20132.","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"954_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023141","volume":"349","author":"H Hjalgrim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hjalgrim H, Askling J, Rostgaard K, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Frisch M, Zhang JS, Madsen M, Rosdahl N, Konradsen HB, Storm HH, et al. Characteristics of Hodgkin's lymphoma after infectious mononucleosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(14):1324\u201332.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.4","volume":"4","author":"JI Cohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohen JI. Epstein-Barr virus vaccines. Clin Transl Immunol. 2015;4(4):e36.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"954_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911 e911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.12.011","volume":"120","author":"C Hurt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurt C, Tammaro D. Diagnostic evaluation of mononucleosis-like illnesses. Am J Med. 2007;120(10):911 e911\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1825","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1825","volume":"350","author":"P Lennon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lennon P, Crotty M, Fenton JE. Infectious mononucleosis. BMJ. 2015;350:h1825.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"954_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1086\/428097","volume":"191","author":"S Fafi-Kremer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fafi-Kremer S, Morand P, Brion JP, Pavese P, Baccard M, Germi R, Genoulaz O, Nicod S, Jolivet M, Ruigrok RW, et al. Long-term shedding of infectious epstein-barr virus after infectious mononucleosis. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(6):985\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"954_CR8","first-page":"211","volume":"390","author":"SK Dunmire","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dunmire SK, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH. Infectious mononucleosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2015;390(Pt 1:211\u201340.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"954_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-017-1180-5","volume":"31","author":"A Toriihara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toriihara A, Nakajima R, Arai A, Nakadate M, Abe K, Kubota K, Tateishi U. Pathogenesis and FDG-PET\/CT findings of Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoid neoplasms. Ann Nucl Med. 2017;31(6):425\u201336.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"954_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1873-1874.2006","volume":"44","author":"P Tattevin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tattevin P, Le Tulzo Y, Minjolle S, Person A, Chapplain JM, Arvieux C, Thomas R, Michelet C. Increasing incidence of severe Epstein-Barr virus-related infectious mononucleosis: surveillance study. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(5):1873\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"954_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175574","volume":"12","author":"G Fourcade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fourcade G, Germi R, Guerber F, Lupo J, Baccard M, Seigneurin A, Semenova T, Morand P, Epaulard O. Evolution of EBV seroprevalence and primary infection age in a French hospital and a city laboratory network, 2000-2016. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175574.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"954_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050807","volume":"42","author":"RG Hosey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hosey RG, Kriss V, Uhl TL, DiFiori J, Hecht S, Wen DY. Ultrasonographic evaluation of splenic enlargement in athletes with acute infectious mononucleosis. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(12):974\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.10.071","volume":"47","author":"A Bartlett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bartlett A, Williams R, Hilton M. Splenic rupture in infectious mononucleosis: a systematic review of published case reports. Injury. 2016;47(3):531\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.1.259-261.1994","volume":"32","author":"M Linderholm","year":"1994","unstructured":"Linderholm M, Boman J, Juto P, Linde A. Comparative evaluation of nine kits for rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus-specific serology. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(1):259\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.31","volume":"1","author":"M De Paschale","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Paschale M, Clerici P. Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection: problems and solutions. World J Virol. 2012;1(1):31\u201343.","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"issue":"483","key":"954_CR16","first-page":"844","volume":"52","author":"B Candy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Candy B, Chalder T, Cleare AJ, Wessely S, White PD, Hotopf M. Recovery from infectious mononucleosis: a case for more than symptomatic therapy? A systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52(483):844\u201351.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"954_CR17","first-page":"CD011487","volume":"12","author":"M De Paor","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Paor M, O'Brien K, Fahey T, Smith SM. Antiviral agents for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12:CD011487.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.07.016","volume":"22","author":"DP Kofteridis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kofteridis DP, Koulentaki M, Valachis A, Christofaki M, Mazokopakis E, Papazoglou G, Samonis G. Epstein Barr virus hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med. 2011;22(1):73\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.06.005","volume":"33","author":"A Shaukat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shaukat A, Tsai HT, Rutherford R, Anania FA. Epstein-Barr virus induced hepatitis: an important cause of cholestasis. Hepatol Res. 2005;33(1):24\u20136.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"954_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0859-x","volume":"10","author":"A Khoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khoo A. Acute cholestatic hepatitis induced by Epstein-Barr virus infection in an adult: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:75.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"954_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.02.006","volume":"44","author":"U Drebber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drebber U, Kasper HU, Krupacz J, Haferkamp K, Kern MA, Steffen HM, Quasdorff M, Zur Hausen A, Odenthal M, Dienes HP. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in acute and chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2006;44(5):879\u201385.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"954_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.03.002","volume":"36","author":"F Ader","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ader F, Chatellier D, Le Berre R, Morand P, Fourrier F. Fulminant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis in a young immunocompetent subject. Med Mal Infect. 2006;36(7):396\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"954_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500040612","volume":"4","author":"AP Feranchak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Feranchak AP, Tyson RW, Narkewicz MR, Karrer FM, Sokol RJ. Fulminant Epstein-Barr viral hepatitis: orthotopic liver transplantation and review of the literature. Liver Transpl Surg. 1998;4(6):469\u201376.","journal-title":"Liver Transpl Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114521984","volume":"6","author":"JA Becker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becker JA, Smith JA. Return to play after infectious mononucleosis. Sports Health. 2014;6(3):232\u20138.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"954_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31817e34f8","volume":"18","author":"M Putukian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Putukian M, O'Connor FG, Stricker P, McGrew C, Hosey RG, Gordon SM, Kinderknecht J, Kriss V, Landry G. Mononucleosis and athletic participation: an evidence-based subject review. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(4):309\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"954_CR26","first-page":"372","volume":"91","author":"J Womack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Womack J, Jimenez M. Common questions about infectious mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(6):372\u20136.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"954_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1249\/00149619-200204000-00009","volume":"1","author":"JJ Kinderknecht","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kinderknecht JJ. Infectious mononucleosis and the spleen. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002;1(2):116\u201320.","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"954_CR28","first-page":"33","volume":"100","author":"A Dessie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dessie A, Binder W. Spontaneous rupture of the spleen due to infectious mononucleosis. R I Med J (2013). 2017;100(7):33\u20135.","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"issue":"9","key":"954_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139507400909","volume":"74","author":"DL Wohl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wohl DL, Isaacson JE. Airway obstruction in children with infectious mononucleosis. Ear Nose Throat J. 1995;74(9):630\u20138.","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"11","key":"954_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100121541","volume":"106","author":"DS Stevenson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stevenson DS, Webster G, Stewart IA. Acute tonsillectomy in the management of infectious mononucleosis. J Laryngol Otol. 1992;106(11):989\u201391.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"12","key":"954_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215011909792","volume":"115","author":"SC Chan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chan SC, Dawes PJ. The management of severe infectious mononucleosis tonsillitis and upper airway obstruction. J Laryngol Otol. 2001;115(12):973\u20137.","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"10","key":"954_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.10.900","volume":"131","author":"SK Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson SK, Doerr TD, Hengerer AS. Infectious mononucleosis and corticosteroids: management practices and outcomes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(10):900\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"954_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001246","volume":"137","author":"MJ Goldacre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldacre MJ, Wotton CJ, Yeates DG. Associations between infectious mononucleosis and cancer: record-linkage studies. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137(5):672\u201380.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"954_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.6.431","volume":"54","author":"P Vineis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vineis P, Crosignani P, Sacerdote C, Fontana A, Masala G, Miligi L, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Stagnaro E, et al. Haematopoietic cancer and medical history: a multicentre case control study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(6):431\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-008-0291-2","volume":"27","author":"E Maeda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maeda E, Akahane M, Kiryu S, Kato N, Yoshikawa T, Hayashi N, Aoki S, Minami M, Uozaki H, Fukayama M, et al. Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases: a pictorial review. Jpn J Radiol. 2009;27(1):4\u201319.","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2012.01.005","volume":"25","author":"M Roschewski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roschewski M, Wilson WH. EBV-associated lymphomas in adults. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2012;25(1):75\u201389.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20820","volume":"59","author":"EL Thacker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thacker EL, Mirzaei F, Ascherio A. Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(3):499\u2013503.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70267-4","volume":"14","author":"L Belbasis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Belbasis L, Bellou V, Evangelou E, Ioannidis JP, Tzoulaki I. Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(3):263\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000308","volume":"4","author":"J Endriz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Endriz J, Ho PP, Steinman L. Time correlation between mononucleosis and initial symptoms of MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4(3):e308.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"12","key":"954_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123701","volume":"4","author":"A Lossius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen O, Vartdal F, Holmoy T. Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis-association and causation. Viruses. 2012;4(12):3701\u201330.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"954_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.6","volume":"13","author":"J Pakpoor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pakpoor J, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan SV. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: association or causation? Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(3):287\u201397.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64697-4","volume":"156","author":"RF Ambinder","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ambinder RF. Gammaherpesviruses and \u201chit-and-run\u201d oncogenesis. Am J Pathol. 2000;156(1):1\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"954_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1281914","volume":"50","author":"H Wekerle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wekerle H. B cells in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity. 2017;50(1):57\u201360.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"107","key":"954_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107fs107","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002878","volume":"3","author":"JI Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen JI, Fauci AS, Varmus H, Nabel GJ. Epstein-Barr virus: an important vaccine target for cancer prevention. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(107):107fs107.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"954_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0755-6","volume":"17","author":"RJ Ball","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ball RJ, Avenell A, Aucott L, Hanlon P, Vickers MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:274.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"954_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00014","volume":"7","author":"A Arai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arai A. Advances in the study of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection: clinical features under the 2016 WHO classification and mechanisms of development. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:14.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Family Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T19:05:01Z","timestamp":1589310301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-019-0954-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"62"}}