{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:13:53Z","timestamp":1788405233059,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/JS001100\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/JS001100\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007343","name":"Shire","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IME-GBR-20193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IME-GBR-20193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Fam Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is underdiagnosed in the UK and the assessment and diagnosis pathway often involves a general practitioner (GP) referral to secondary care services. GPs\u2019 levels of knowledge and understanding about ADHD is often a significant barrier in patients accessing care. The development of an online education resource could improve GPs knowledge of ADHD and optimise appropriate referrals. Involving end-users in co-creating interventions may enhance their clinical utility and impact routine clinical practice. However, there is limited published evidence describing how to meaningfully involve stakeholders in both the design and development components of co-production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report a step wise, co-production approach towards developing an online ADHD education intervention for GPs. Preparatory work highlighted the relevant topics to be included in the intervention, from which educational videos were then developed. Workshops were then conducted with GPs, leading to further refinement of the video content and subsequently the final intervention. A pilot usability study (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910 GPs) was then conducted to assess the intervention\u2019s acceptability, feasibility and accessibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of the online intervention was greatly facilitated by the involvement of GPs. Having a co-production development process ensured the consistent adaptation of the intervention to meet GPs\u2019 needs. The usability study showed that the content of the intervention was suitable, easily accessible, engaging and delivered at an acceptable level of intensity, validating the development approach taken.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the developed intervention, preliminary findings demonstrated that it was acceptable and well received. The importance of co-development was highlighted in developing an intervention that addresses specific needs for GPs. This development approach may be useful for other researchers and developers of clinical interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T11:03:18Z","timestamp":1604228598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development and evaluation of an online education tool on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for general practitioners: the important contribution of co-production"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"French","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Perez Vallejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Sayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. L.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1289_CR1","volume-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults [Internet]","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults [Internet]. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society; 2018. [cited 2018 Nov 12]. (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines). Available from: \nhttp:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493361\/\n\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"1289_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30167-0","volume":"5","author":"K Sayal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D. ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(2):175\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1289_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-78","volume":"12","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy S, Wilton L, Murray ML, Hodgkins P, Asherson P, Wong IC. The epidemiology of pharmacologically treated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents and adults in UK primary care. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12(1):78.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1289_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0377-0","volume":"15","author":"M Moldavsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moldavsky M, Sayal K. Knowledge and attitudes about attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its treatment: the views of children, adolescents, parents, teachers and healthcare professionals. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(8):377.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1289_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712475211","volume":"20","author":"MS Lebowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lebowitz MS. Stigmatization of ADHD: a developmental review. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(3):199\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"1289_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daley D, Jacobsen RH, Lange A-M, S\u00f8rensen A, Walldorf J, Jacobsen RH, et al. The economic burden of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A sibling comparison cost analysis. Eur Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019;61 [cited 2020 Jan 27]. Available from: \nhttps:\/\/nottingham-repository.worktribe.com\/output\/2247087\/the-economic-burden-of-adult-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-a-sibling-comparison-cost-analysis\n\n.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.06.011"},{"key":"1289_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"French B, Sayal K, Daley D. Barriers and facilitators to understanding of ADHD in primary care: a mixed-method systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2018; [cited 2019 Jan 10]; Available from: \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1256-3\n\n.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1256-3"},{"key":"1289_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French B, Hall C, Perez Vallejos E, Sayal K, Daley D. Assessing the efficacy of online ADHD awareness training in primary care: pilot randomised control trial evaluation with nested qualitative interviews. JMIR Med Educ. 2020.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.19871"},{"issue":"1","key":"1289_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-10-42","volume":"10","author":"L Casebeer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Casebeer L, Brown J, Roepke N, Grimes C, Henson B, Palmore R, et al. Evidence-based choices of physicians: a comparative analysis of physicians participating in internet CME and non-participants. BMC Med Educ. 2010;10(1):42.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1289_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.20050","volume":"30","author":"JM Harris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harris JM, Sklar BM, Amend RW, Novalis-Marine C. The growth, characteristics, and future of online CME. J Contin Educ Heal Prof. 2010;30(1):3\u201310.","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Heal Prof"},{"issue":"10","key":"1289_CR11","first-page":"717","volume":"43","author":"I Thepwongsa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thepwongsa I, Kirby C, Schattner P, Piterman L. Online continuing medical education (CME) for GPs: does it work?: a systematic review. Aust Fam Physician. 2014;43(10):717.","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"1289_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker R, Camosso-Stefinovic J, Gillies C, Shaw EJ, Cheater F, Flottorp S, et al. Tailored interventions to overcome identified barriers to change: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2010;(3) [cited 2020 Jan 21]. 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Available from:  http:\/\/www.orbit-rri.org\/ojs\/index.php\/orbit\/article\/view\/78  ."},{"issue":"1","key":"1289_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-90","volume":"11","author":"L McDermott","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDermott L, Yardley L, Little P, Ashworth M, Gulliford M. the eCRT Research Team. Developing a computer delivered, theory based intervention for guideline implementation in general practice. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11(1):90.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"1289_CR16","volume-title":"Changing what researchers \u201cthink and do\u201d: Is this how involvement impacts on research? [Internet]","author":"K Staley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Staley K. Changing what researchers \u201cthink and do\u201d: Is this how involvement impacts on research? [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 22]. 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Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):434\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Family Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T11:03:36Z","timestamp":1604228616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01289-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16653\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16653\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the University of Nottingham Faculty of Medicine & Health Science Research Ethic Committee and the Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust R&D department. After the participants were made familiar with the interview process, written consent was obtained.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants gave consent for publication in the consent form:\u201cI understand that relevant sections of data collected in the study may be looked at by authorised individuals from the University of Nottingham, the research group and regulatory authorities where it is relevant to my taking part in this study. I give permission for these individuals to have access to these records and to collect, store, analyse and publish information obtained from my participation in this study. I understand that my personal details will be kept confidential\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Prof. Daley reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Shire, personal fees and non-financial support from Medice, personal fees and non-financial support from Eli Lilly, non-financial support from QbTech, outside the submitted work. Mrs. French reports personal fees and non-financial support from Shire. Prof. Sayal, Dr. Hall and Dr. Perez Vallejos report no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}