{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:13:29Z","timestamp":1772165609016,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Fam Pract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combating the COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for health systems, citizens and policy makers worldwide. Early detection of affected patients within the large and heterogeneous group of patients with common cold symptoms is an important element of this effort, but often hindered by limited testing resources, false-negative test results and the lack of pathognomonic symptoms in COVID-19. Therefore, we aimed to identify anamnestic items with an increased\/decreased odds ratio for a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (CovPCR) result in a primary care setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a multi-center cross-sectional cohort study on predictive clinical characteristics for a positive CovPCR over a period of 4\u2009weeks in primary care patients in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 374 patients in 14 primary care centers received CovPCR and were included in this analysis. The median age was 44.0 (IQR: 31.0\u201359.0) and a fraction of 10.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940) tested positive for COVID-19. Patients who reported anosmia had a higher odds ratio (OR: 4.54; 95%-CI: 1.51\u201313.67) for a positive test result while patients with a sore throat had a lower OR (OR: 0.33; 95%-CI: 0.11\u20130.97). Furthermore, patients who had a first grade contact with an infected persons and showed symptoms themselves also had an increased OR for positive testing (OR: 5.16; 95% CI: 1.72\u201315.51). This correlation was also present when they themselves were still asymptomatic (OR: 12.55; 95% CI: 3.97\u201339.67).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several anamnestic criteria may be helpful to assess pre-test probability of COVID-19 in patients with common cold symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:03:10Z","timestamp":1606993390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Risk factors for a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in patients with common cold symptoms in a primary care setting \u2013 a retrospective analysis based on a joint documentation standard"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Just","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Puth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Regenold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Weckbecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bleckwenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1322_CR1","unstructured":"Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)."},{"key":"1322_CR2","unstructured":"RKI: Daily situation report on COVID-19. Available from: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Situationsberichte\/2020-04-19-de.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"1322_CR3","unstructured":"RKI: epidemiological update 15\/2020. SARS-CoV-2-testing numbers. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/EpidBull\/Archiv\/2020\/Ausgaben\/15_20.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"issue":"2","key":"1322_CR4","first-page":"121","volume":"100","author":"A Schneider","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schneider A, Dinant G-J, Szecsenyi J. Stepwise diagnostic workup in general practice as a consequence of the Bayesian reasoning. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich. 2006;100(2):121\u20137.","journal-title":"Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich"},{"key":"1322_CR5","unstructured":"RKI: Testing guidelines for doctors. [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Massnahmen_Verdachtsfall_Infografik_DINA3.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"issue":"10223","key":"1322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","volume":"277","author":"JR Lechien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1 .","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"20","key":"1322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","volume":"323","author":"G Spinato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, Cazzador D, Borsetto D, Hopkins C, et al. Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6771 .","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5","volume":"26","author":"X He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5 .","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"31","key":"1322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.25.009084","volume":"6","author":"DH Brann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Lipovsek M, Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Sci Adv. 2020;6(31):eabc5801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.25.009084 .","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"15","key":"1322_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330","volume":"71","author":"A Giacomelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa330 .","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1322_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4461","volume":"235","author":"D van Riel","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. J Pathol. 2015;235:277\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4461 .","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1322_CR13","first-page":"001641","volume":"7","author":"NL Villalba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villalba NL, Maouche Y, Ortiz MBA, Sosa ZC, Chahbazian JB, Syrovatkova A, et al. Anosmia and Dysgeusia in the absence of other respiratory diseases: should COVID-19 infection be considered? Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020;7(4):001641.","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Family Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:05:33Z","timestamp":1606993533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01322-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.04.27.20081877","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2296"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2296","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study design was reviewed by the ethics committee of the University of Leipzig, Germany under the procedure number 184\/20-ek, there were no ethical concerns. Consent to participate was not applicable according to national regulations as routine treatment data was anonymously passed on to researchers. The ethics committee stated no concerns regarding the method of data collection including consent to participate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors gave their consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Conflict of interest: JJ, MP, KW and MB declare no conflict of interest. Felix Regenold holds shares <\u20095% of a regulatory affairs service company (Dr. Regenold GmbH) which is run by a family member.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}