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We included diagnostic studies on urine or blood biomarkers for cystitis or pyelonephritis in children below 18\u2009years of age. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios. Data were pooled using a bivariate random effects model and a Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-five moderate to high quality studies were included in this review and 54 articles in the meta-analyses. The area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve to diagnose cystitis was 0.75 (95%CI 0.62 to 0.83, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20099) for C-reactive protein, 0.71 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.80, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20094) for procalcitonin, 0.93 (95% CI 0.91 to 0.96, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200922) for the dipstick test (nitrite or leukocyte esterase \u2265trace), 0.94 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.98, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20099) for urine white blood cells and 0.98 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.99, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200912) for Gram-stained bacteria. For pyelonephritis, C-reactive protein &lt;\u200920\u2009mg\/l had LR- of 0.10 (95%CI 0.04\u20130.30) to 0.22 (95%CI 0.09\u20130.54) in children with signs suggestive of urinary tract infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinical prediction rules including the dipstick test biomarkers can support family physicians while awaiting urine culture results. CRP and PCT have low accuracy for cystitis, but might be useful for pyelonephritis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01530-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T02:03:41Z","timestamp":1632708221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Diagnostic value of biomarkers for paediatric urinary tract infections in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hanne A.","family":"Boon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Struyf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Bullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Van den Bruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Y.","family":"Verbakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0685","volume":"126","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shaikh N, Ewing AL, Bhatnagar S, Hoberman A. 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