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Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inappropriate use of antibiotics in children is common in many countries. The purpose of the study was to explore patterns of antibiotic prescribing in children\u2019s outpatient clinics in primary care institutions in a province of southwest China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained electronic prescription data from 75 primary care institutions in Guizhou province in 2020. The classification of incorrect spectrum of antibiotics, unnecessary use and combined use of antibiotics was based on the Guiding Principle of Clinical Use of Antibiotics (2015, China) and guidelines from the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Potential risk factors for inappropriate use of antibiotics were identified using bivariate analyses. The generalized estimation equation was used to identify independent predictors of inappropriate use of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 158,267 antibiotic prescriptions were retrieved. Acute upper respiratory tract infections were the most common diseases, accounting for 74.9% of all prescriptions. The main antibiotic group used was penicillins (63.7%), followed by cephalosporins (18.8%). Of 137,284 visits, 18.3% of antibiotic prescriptions were appropriate and the percentage of unnecessary use, incorrect spectrum of antibiotics and combined use of antibiotics was 76.9, 2.4 and 2.4%, respectively. Physicians with lower professional titles and more than 40\u2009years of work duration were relatively more likely to prescribe inappropriate antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inappropriate use of antibiotics in children is still prominent in primary care institutions of southwest China. The education and training of physicians and caregivers in these institutions should be strengthened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01875-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T09:07:43Z","timestamp":1666775263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiotic prescribing patterns at children\u2019s outpatient departments of primary care institutions in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wenju","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shitao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunrong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanni","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1875_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Measuring the impacts of the using antibiotics wisely campaign on Canadian community utilization of oral antibiotics for respiratory tract infections: a time-series analysis from 2015 to 2019. 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In our manuscript, the participants were physicians. We only focused on children\u2019s prescriptions. As a result, we only saw these physicians prescribing children without reaching these children. In addition, after signing the confidentiality agreement, Guizhou Provincial Health Commission agreed that we would only sign the informed consent form with the physicians. So, all participants (physicians) provided written informed consent to participate in the study. A tripartite agreement was signed between Guizhou Provincial Health Commission, Guizhou Medical University and LWTC Company. The prescription information was authorized by the Information Center of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission, and downloaded from the data port of HIS system developed by LWTC. After downloading the prescription, all identifying information about the physicians and patients is hidden, as required by confidentiality agreements. So, the data used in this study was anonymized before its use. Furthermore, we only downloaded the prescription and did not have access to the children or obtain written informed consent from the children\u2019s guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"269"}}