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Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> is widespread; however, there is limited information on its prevalence owing to laboratory underestimation and low clinical manifestations. The Baermann method and agar culture stand out among the parasitological techniques. <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> is present in Bolivia, but its prevalence in children remains unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the applicability of simple parasitological techniques to increase the detection of this parasite in children living in the tropics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tropical village in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Participants were 304 children aged 5 \u2013 12\u2009years who provided stool samples for different parasitological analyses (direct examination, Ritchie, Baermann, and Dancescu techniques), and their parents provided informed consent.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Up to 64.8% of pathogenic parasites were detected using the modified Ritchie method. The Baermann technique identified 17.8% of <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> cases, and a high sensitivity with respect to the Baermann technique was only for the Dancescu technique (75.9%) that is also specific for <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>, followed by 66.7% for the modified Ritchie technique, which is used in second-line care.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Baermann technique is the best parasitological option for improving <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> diagnosis in the first-line care of the Primary Health Care System. A particular cycle of reinfection, combined with the environment and some other risk factors are related with persistence. Control is difficult without a proper diagnosis, and the Baermann technique is an approach to the solution. We conclude that with a high suspicion of the presence of <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>, the use of the Baermann technique is strongly recommended as support for direct examination in primary health care systems especially in tropical areas.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01888-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T15:05:45Z","timestamp":1668697545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A simple parasitological technique to increase detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in Bolivian primary health care system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Camacho-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elia M.","family":"Chavez-Mamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goyens","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny M.","family":"Luizaga-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Cruz","family":"Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"G\u00e9taz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1888_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002288","volume":"7","author":"F Sch\u00e4r","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4r F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, et al. 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The parents, with oral consent from the children, signed or put the digital printout on the informed consent, after receiving the explanation of the study by the surveyors. This procedure (thumbprint for illiterate participants) was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine \u201cAurelio Melean\u201d since it is also a common practice in the country for legal terms since there is still a high rate of illiteracy in rural areas such as the one where this study was conducted.All the methods used were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines [, , ]. They are commonly used in the first- or second-line care of the Bolivian Primary Health Care System.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. Photos only include laboratory procedures and laboratory personnel in the field, no study participants are exposed in photos.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"284"}}