{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:50:16Z","timestamp":1790268616843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014555","name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Reducing antibiotic use in Australia, and the subsequent impact on antimicrobial resistance, requires multiple, sustained approaches with appropriate resources and support. Additional strategies to reduce antibiotic prescribing include effective vaccines, against pathogens such as <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, the most common bacterial cause of sore throat. As part of efforts towards assessing the benefits of introducing new strategies to reduce antimicrobial prescribing, we aimed to determine the burden of antimicrobial prescribing for sore throat in general practice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>General practice activity data from 2013 \u2013 2017 derived from the first 8 practices participating in the \u2018Primary Care Audit, Teaching and Research Open Network\u2019 (Patron) program were analysed according to reason for visit (upper respiratory tract infection, URTI, or sore throat) and antibiotic prescription. The main outcome measures were percentage of sore throat or URTI presentations with antibiotic prescription by age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 722,339 visits to general practice were made by 65,449 patients; 5.7% of visits were for URTI with 0.8% meeting the more specific criteria for sore throat. 66.1% of sore throat visits and 36.2% of URTI visits resulted in antibiotic prescription. Penicillin, the recommended antibiotic for sore throat when indicated, was the antibiotic of choice in only 52.9% of sore throat cases prescribed antibiotics. Broader spectrum antibiotics were prescribed more frequently in older age groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Frequency of antibiotic prescribing for sore throat is high and broad, despite Australian Therapeutic guideline recommendations. Multiple, sustained interventions to reduce prescribing, including availability of effective <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> vaccines that could reduce the incidence of streptococcal pharyngitis, could obviate the need to prescribe antibiotics and support ongoing efforts to promote antimicrobial stewardship.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-024-02371-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1713351771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Burden of antimicrobial prescribing in primary care attributable to sore throat: a retrospective cohort study of patient record data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kylie S","family":"Carville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Meagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara-Natalie","family":"Abo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Anne","family":"Manski-Nankervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"McVernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2371_CR1","unstructured":"Craik N, Hla T, Cannon J, Moore H, Carapetis JR, Sanyahumbi A. Global Disease Burden of Streptococcus pyogenes. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. 2nd edition. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2022. Chapter 21."},{"key":"2371_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bocking N, Matsumoto CL, Loewen K, Teatero S, Marchand-Austin A, Gordon J, et al. High incidence of invasive group A streptococcal infections in remote indigenous communities in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2017;4(1):ofw243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofw243.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw243"},{"issue":"11","key":"2371_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(05)70267-x","volume":"5","author":"JR Carapetis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. 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All data extraction and analyses were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"117"}}