{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:32:35Z","timestamp":1788330755711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T07:01:33Z","timestamp":1746514893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Confidence in providing primary care to patients with low back pain among physiotherapists"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ron","family":"Shavit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talma","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaniv","family":"Nudelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaf","family":"Weisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017;390:1211\u201359.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2850_CR2","unstructured":"Diagnostic triage for low back pain: a practical approach for primary care - Bardin - 2017 - Medical Journal of Australia - Wiley Online Library. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.5694\/mja16.00828. Cited 2024 Jun 2."},{"key":"2850_CR3","unstructured":"Low Back Pain. Available from: https:\/\/www.jospt.org\/doi\/epdf\/10.2519\/jospt.2012.42.4.A1. Cited 2025 Jan 18."},{"key":"2850_CR4","unstructured":"ICD-10 | CMS. Available from: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/coding-billing\/icd-10-codes. Cited 2025 Jan 18."},{"key":"2850_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9971","volume":"50","author":"LM Finucane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finucane LM, Downie A, Mercer C, Greenhalgh SM, Boissonnault WG, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, et al. International Framework for Red Flags for Potential Serious Spinal Pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50:350\u201372.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24853","volume":"60","author":"N Henschke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Bleasel J, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:3072\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2850_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099198","volume":"52","author":"J Lewis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewis J, O\u2019Sullivan P. Is it time to reframe how we care for people with non-traumatic musculoskeletal pain? Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:1543\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2850_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","volume":"389","author":"C Maher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017;389:736\u201347.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2850_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120060","volume":"93","author":"TJ Bury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bury TJ, Stokes EK. A global view of direct access and patient self-referral to physical therapy: implications for the profession. Phys Ther. 2013;93:449\u201359.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz152","volume":"100","author":"BM Garrity","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garrity BM, McDonough CM, Ameli O, Rothendler JA, Carey KM, Cabral HJ, et al. Unrestricted Direct Access to Physical Therapist Services Is Associated With Lower Health Care Utilization and Costs in Patients With New-Onset Low Back Pain. Phys Ther. 2020;100:107\u201315.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130096","volume":"94","author":"HA Ojha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ojha HA, Snyder RS, Davenport TE. Direct access compared with referred physical therapy episodes of care: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2014;94:14\u201330.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CPG1\u201360","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.0304","volume":"51","author":"SZ George","year":"2021","unstructured":"George SZ, Fritz JM, Silfies SP, Schneider MJ, Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, et al. Interventions for the Management of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain: Revision 2021. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51:CPG1-60.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther."},{"key":"2850_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00134","volume":"100","author":"A Premkumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Premkumar A, Godfrey W, Gottschalk MB, Boden SD. Red Flags for Low Back Pain Are Not Always Really Red: A Prospective Evaluation of the Clinical Utility of Commonly Used Screening Questions for Low Back Pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:368\u201374.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2850_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.06.005","volume":"133","author":"G Galliker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galliker G, Scherer DE, Trippolini MA, Rasmussen-Barr E, LoMartire R, Wertli MM. Low Back Pain in the Emergency Department: Prevalence of Serious Spinal Pathologies and Diagnostic Accuracy of Red Flags. Am J Med. 2020;133:60-72.e14.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2850_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05197-3","volume":"20","author":"K Schr\u00f6der","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der K, \u00d6berg B, Enthoven P, Kongsted A, Abbott A. Confidence, attitudes, beliefs and determinants of implementation behaviours among physiotherapists towards clinical management of low back pain before and after implementation of the BetterBack model of care. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:443.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2850_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1606402","volume":"375","author":"AL Simpkin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpkin AL, Schwartzstein RM. Tolerating Uncertainty - The Next Medical Revolution? N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1713\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2850_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102179","volume":"48","author":"S Greenhalgh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greenhalgh S, Finucane LM, Mercer C, Selfe J. Safety netting; best practice in the face of uncertainty. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2020;48: 102179.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"key":"2850_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6198.2011.00230.x","volume":"46","author":"P Perry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perry P. Concept Analysis: Confidence\/Self-confidence. Nurs Forum. 2011;46:218\u201330.","journal-title":"Nurs Forum"},{"key":"2850_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-9-2","volume":"9","author":"RM Connick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Connick RM, Connick P, Klotsas AE, Tsagkaraki PA, Gkrania-Klotsas E. Procedural confidence in hospital based practitioners: implications for the training and practice of doctors at all grades. BMC Med Educ. 2009;9:2.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2850_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/archfami.2.3.301","volume":"2","author":"T Bush","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bush T, Cherkin D, Barlow W. The impact of physician attitudes on patient satisfaction with care for low back pain. Arch Fam Med. 1993;2:301\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Fam Med"},{"key":"2850_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11010085","volume":"11","author":"R Shavit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shavit R, Kushnir T, Gottlieb U, Springer S. Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of a Hebrew Version of the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Adjusted to Low Back Pain Treatment. Healthcare. 2023;11:85.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2850_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/00001416-201731010-00005","volume":"31","author":"DG Venskus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venskus DG, Craig JA. Development and Validation of a Self-Efficacy Scale for Clinical Reasoning in Physical Therapists. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2017;31:14.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Education"},{"key":"2850_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-1094-x","volume":"17","author":"W van Lankveld","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Lankveld W, Jones A, Brunnekreef JJ, Seeger JPH, Bart SJ. Assessing physical therapist students\u2019 self-efficacy: measurement properties of the Physiotherapist Self-Efficacy (PSE) questionnaire. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17:250.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2850_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, de Vet HCW, Prinsen C a. C, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, et al. COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27:1171\u20139.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1765-4"},{"key":"2850_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","volume":"64","author":"J Kottner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kottner J, Audig\u00e9 L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, et al. Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:96\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2850_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine. 2000;25:3186\u201391.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2850_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586719887709","volume":"13","author":"E Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor E. We Agree, Don\u2019t We? The Delphi Method for Health Environments Research. HERD. 2020;13:11\u201323.","journal-title":"HERD"},{"key":"2850_CR28","unstructured":"Qualtrics XM - Experience Management Software. Qualtrics. Available from: https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/. Cited 2022 Jun 24."},{"key":"2850_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102551","volume":"59","author":"A Weisman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weisman A, Yona T, Gottlieb U, Masharawi Y. Attitudinal responses to current concepts and opinions from pain neuroscience education on social media. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2022;59: 102551.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"key":"2850_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2023.102750","volume":"65","author":"A Weisman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weisman A, Lin E, Yona T, Gottlieb U, Impellizzeri FM, Masharawi Y. Healthcare providers have insufficient up-to-date knowledge of lower limb sports injuries, and their knowledge is similar to that of athletes. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2023;65: 102750.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"key":"2850_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0632-9","volume":"23","author":"DF Polit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polit DF. Getting serious about test-retest reliability: a critique of retest research and some recommendations. Qual Life Res. 2014;23:1713\u201320.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2850_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000156","volume":"27","author":"S Vainapel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vainapel S, Shamir OY, Tenenbaum Y, Gilam G. The dark side of gendered language: The masculine-generic form as a cause for self-report bias. Psychol Assess. 2015;27:1513\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2850_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson B. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2004. p. x, 195.","DOI":"10.1037\/10694-000"},{"key":"2850_CR34","unstructured":"Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Available from: https:\/\/openpublishing.library.umass.edu\/pare\/article\/id\/1650\/. Cited 2024 Apr 18."},{"key":"2850_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.564527","volume":"46","author":"U Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Seva U, Timmerman ME, Kiers HAL. The Hull Method for Selecting the Number of Common Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46:340\u201364.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"2850_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008191211004","volume":"11","author":"RA Peterson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peterson RA. A Meta-Analysis of Variance Accounted for and Factor Loadings in Exploratory Factor Analysis. Mark Lett. 2000;11:261\u201375.","journal-title":"Mark Lett."},{"key":"2850_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos JM, Bauldry S. Confirmatory factor analysis. Los Angeles: SAGE; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/catalog.lib.uchicago.edu\/vufind\/Record\/12742683. Cited 2023 Dec 4.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071938959"},{"key":"2850_CR38","unstructured":"\u00a0Portney LG. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Evidence-Based Practice. Philadelphia, US: F.A. Davis; 2020."},{"key":"2850_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798418771807","volume":"44","author":"MW Watkins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watkins MW. Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice. J Black Psychol. 2018;44:219\u201346.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"2850_CR40","unstructured":"Field A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Los Angeles, US: SAGE Publications; 2024."},{"key":"2850_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1\u201336.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2850_CR42","unstructured":"Lishinski A. lavaanPlot: Path Diagrams for \u201cLavaan\u201d Models via \u201cDiagrammeR\u201d. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lavaanPlot\/index.html. Cited 2023 Dec 4."},{"key":"2850_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5243\/jsswr.2010.8","volume":"1","author":"P Cabrera-Nguyen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cabrera-Nguyen P. Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and Validation Results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. 2010;1:99\u2013103.","journal-title":"Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research"},{"key":"2850_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06595-x","volume":"36","author":"C Sadikot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadikot C, Leung S, Vassilakis A, LeFrancois D. Addressing Resident Retention of Musculoskeletal Skills, Knowledge, and Confidence: a Randomized Controlled Study of a Clinic Intervention. J GEN INTERN MED. 2021;36:3595\u20137.","journal-title":"J GEN INTERN MED"},{"key":"2850_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-014-0124-1","volume":"3","author":"J Truntzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Truntzer J, Lynch A, Kruse D, Prislin M. Musculoskeletal education: an assessment of the clinical confidence of medical students. Perspect Med Educ. 2014;3:238\u201344.","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"key":"2850_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.1032","volume":"1","author":"AM Briggs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Briggs AM, Hinman RS, Darlow B, Bennell KL, Leech M, Pizzari T, et al. Confidence and Attitudes Toward Osteoarthritis Care Among the Current and Emerging Health Workforce: A Multinational Interprofessional Study. ACR Open Rheumatology. 2019;1:219\u201335.","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatology"},{"key":"2850_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4143-6","volume":"32","author":"MK Hose","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hose MK, Fontanesi J, Woytowitz M, Jarrin D, Quan A. Competency based clinical shoulder examination training improves physical exam, confidence, and knowledge in common shoulder conditions. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32:1261\u20135.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2850_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.503","volume":"41","author":"C Roberts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roberts C. Improving the quality of care of musculoskeletal conditions in primary care. Rheumatology. 2002;41:503\u20138.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2850_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01817-5","volume":"23","author":"K Vader","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vader K, Donnelly C, French SD, Grady C, Hill JC, Tripp DA, et al. Implementing a new physiotherapist-led primary care model for low back pain: a qualitative study of patient and primary care team perspectives. BMC Primary Care. 2022;23:201.","journal-title":"BMC Primary Care"},{"key":"2850_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2023.2301436","volume":"40","author":"P Enthoven","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enthoven P, Menning L, \u00d6berg B, Schr\u00f6der K, Fors M, Lindb\u00e4ck Y, et al. Physiotherapists\u2019 experiences of implementation of the BetterBack model of care for low back pain in primary care - a focus group interview study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2024;40:2903\u201315.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2850_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4187","volume":"174","author":"JM Fritz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fritz JM, Lane E, McFadden M, Brennan G, Magel JS, Thackeray A, et al. Physical Therapy Referral From Primary Care for Acute Back Pain With Sciatica\u202f: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:8\u201317.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2850_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paci M, Quercioli A, Natali S, Bianchi L, Buonandi E, Rosiello L, et al. Integrating physiotherapy into primary health care in Italy: qualitative focus group study examining perspectives of involved professionals. Physiother Theory Pract. 2024;1\u20139.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2024.2414242"},{"key":"2850_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1100","volume":"13","author":"C Oakley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oakley C, Shacklady C. The Clinical Effectiveness of the Extended-Scope Physiotherapist Role in Musculoskeletal Triage: A Systematic Review. Musculoskeletal Care. 2015;13:204\u201321.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Care"},{"key":"2850_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-32","volume":"6","author":"JD Childs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Childs JD, Whitman JM, Sizer PS, Pugia ML, Flynn TW, Delitto A. A description of physical therapists\u2019 knowledge in managing musculoskeletal conditions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:32.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2850_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.2.67","volume":"35","author":"JH Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore JH, Goss DL, Baxter RE, DeBerardino TM, Mansfield LT, Fellows DW, et al. Clinical diagnostic accuracy and magnetic resonance imaging of patients referred by physical therapists, orthopaedic surgeons, and nonorthopaedic providers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:67\u201371.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springer BA, Arciero RA, Tenuta JJ, Taylor DC. A prospective study of modified Ottawa ankle rules in a military population. Interobserver agreement between physical therapists and orthopaedic surgeons. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:864\u20138.","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280061501"},{"key":"2850_CR57","first-page":"38","volume":"4","author":"BA Springer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Springer BA, Gill NW, Freedman BA, Ross AE, Javernick MA, Murphy KP. Acetabular Labral Tears: Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Examination by a Physical Therapist, Orthopaedic Surgeon, and Orthopaedic Residents. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009;4:38\u201345.","journal-title":"N Am J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR58","first-page":"95","volume":"45","author":"KM Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander KM, Olsen J, Seiger C, Peterson TS. Student Physical Therapists\u2019 Competence and Self-Confidence in Basic Clinical Assessment and Musculoskeletal Differential Diagnosis. J Allied Health. 2016;45:95\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Allied Health"},{"key":"2850_CR59","unstructured":"Clanton J, Gardner A, Cheung M, Mellert L, Evancho-Chapman M, George RL. The relationship between confidence and competence in the development of surgical skills. PubMed. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24797858\/. Cited 2024 Jun 20."},{"key":"2850_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0377-1","volume":"16","author":"G Saposnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saposnik G, Redelmeier D, Ruff CC, Tobler PN. Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016;16:138.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2850_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00001416-201630030-00006","volume":"30","author":"B Black","year":"2016","unstructured":"Black B, Lucarelli J, Ingman M, Briskey C. Changes in Physical Therapist Students\u2019 Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity Counseling Following a Motivational Interviewing Learning Module. Journal of Physical Therapy Education. 2016;30:28\u201332.","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Education"},{"key":"2850_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2023.102891","volume":"69","author":"MK March","year":"2024","unstructured":"March MK, Judd B, Harmer AR, Eyles J, Dennis SM. Improving musculoskeletal physiotherapists\u2019 confidence in patient-centred care informed by acceptance and commitment therapy: A descriptive study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2024;69: 102891.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"key":"2850_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04821-0","volume":"23","author":"W Romney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romney W, Salbach NM, Perry SB, Deutsch JE. Evidence-based practice confidence and behavior throughout the curriculum of four physical therapy education programs: a longitudinal study. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23:839.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2850_CR64","volume":"5","author":"H Hall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hall H, Prostko ER, Haring K, Fischer M, Cheng BC. A successful, cost-effective low back pain triage system: a pilot study. N Am Spine Soc J. 2021;5: 100051.","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"2850_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","volume":"48","author":"KS Taber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taber KS. The Use of Cronbach\u2019s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Res Sci Educ. 2018;48:1273\u201396.","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"2850_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","volume":"84","author":"A Bandura","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:191\u2013215.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2850_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.27.3.219","volume":"27","author":"RP Di Fabio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Di Fabio RP, Boissonnault W. Physical Therapy and Health-Related Outcomes for Patients With Common Orthopaedic Diagnoses. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:219\u201330.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2850_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall A, Penney T, Simmons K, Peters N, O\u2019Brien D, Richmond H. Physical Therapy Management of Low Back Pain: A Survey of Physiotherapists\u2019 Current Assessment and Treatment Practices. Physiother Can. 2022;74:66\u201374.","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2020-0078"},{"key":"2850_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251078","volume":"16","author":"JH Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu JH, Chang HJ, Kim SS, Park JE, Chung WY, Lee SK, et al. Effects of high-fidelity simulation education on medical students\u2019 anxiety and confidence. PLoS ONE. 2021;16: e0251078.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2850_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200184","volume":"13","author":"CJ McRobert","year":"2018","unstructured":"McRobert CJ, Hill JC, Smale T, Hay EM, van der Windt DA. A multi-modal recruitment strategy using social media and internet-mediated methods to recruit a multidisciplinary, international sample of clinicians to an online research study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0200184.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T08:02:55Z","timestamp":1746518575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02850-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Ariel University Ethical Committee before its commencement (Ethics Protocol Reference No. AU-HEA-SS-20220212) approved the study. All participants gave informed consent to participate in the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study includes aggregated data, and based on the Ethical Review Board waiver, consent for publication from participants is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}