{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:04:21Z","timestamp":1789423461804,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]},{"name":"The Special Research Project on General Practice and Community Health in the Capital","award":["2023-2Y-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2Y-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China has been steadily increasing, making it a major public health concern. Effective self-management, along with family and community support, is critical for disease control and the prevention of complications. However, many patients continue to face challenges in disease management. In addition to requiring proactive and standardized diabetes care from health service providers, patients also need to strengthen their self-management skills and mobilize family\/community support resources. Further investigation into these challenges and potential solutions is warranted. This study aims to systematically evaluate the self-management behaviors of patients with T2DM and the collaborative management capacity of family caregivers in Chaoyang District, Beijing. It also intends to explore the practical challenges faced by community-based T2DM patients in long-term disease management with respect to self-management, family support, and community support. In addition, it seeks to identify optimization pathways for health management models based on family support systems, thereby providing both theoretical grounding and practical reference for developing comprehensive intervention strategies under the concept of proactive health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An explanatory sequential design was employed in mixed methods research. This study first conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the self-management status of T2DM patients and their caregivers attending medical institutions. Subsequently, qualitative research was employed to explore the specific challenges faced by community-based T2DM patients in long-term disease management, particularly regarding self-management, family support, and community support. A cross-sectional survey of T2DM patients and their caregivers was conducted in four healthcare institutions in Chaoyang District, Beijing, using standardized self-management questionnaires, and quantitative data were collected from June to October 2024. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with purposively selected patients, and qualitative interviews were conducted between April and June 2025. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and qualitative data were thematically analyzed using Colaizzi\u2019s method. Methodological triangulation was adopted to cross-validate findings obtained from the cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 206 T2DM patients, attitude scores were highest, knowledge moderate, and practice lowest. The highest mean score of patient\u2019s knowledge dimension was observed for blood pressure and blood glucose knowledge (88.84\u2009\u00b1\u200927.93), while the lowest was basic knowledge (60.68\u2009\u00b1\u200932.29), At the practice level, foot care had only a moderate score (69.12\u2009\u00b1\u200921.33), only 22.33% performing it regularly. Exercise scored lowest (67.48\u2009\u00b1\u200929.85), with 38.35% of patients exercising regularly. Among 125 caregivers, attitudes were favorable, but notable deficiencies persisted across diabetes-related knowledge and other domains. The highest mean scores of knowledge dimension were observed for blood pressure\/glucose knowledge (93.87\u2009\u00b1\u200917.65), While the lowest scores were for basic knowledge (74.93\u2009\u00b1\u200929.83). Qualitative findings from 25 patients revealed barriers including weak self-management beliefs, poor self-control, and limited knowledge, as well as inadequate family support and gaps in individualized, continuous, and effective community services. Qualitative data further revealed emotional and stress-related challenges that affected patients\u2019 adherence and coping capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with T2DM in Chaoyang District, Beijing demonstrated notable deficiencies in disease management knowledge and low adherence to key self-management behaviors. Although caregivers performed better overall, their capacity for support also requires strengthening. Barriers at multiple levels may hinder effective glycemic control and make achievement of management goals challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:35:47Z","timestamp":1763984147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes in Chaoyang District, Beijing, and challenges in utilizing family and community resources: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zi-Cheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Mei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3111_CR1","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2021. Communiqu\u00e9 of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 5). [Cited July 18, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/sj\/tjgb\/rkpcgb\/qgrkpcgb\/202302\/t20230206_1902005.html"},{"key":"3111_CR2","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China. Communiqu\u00e9 on Major Data of the Sixth National Population Census of 2010 (No. 1). 2011. Communiqu\u00e9 on Major Data of the Sixth National Population Census of 2010 (No. 1). [Cited July 18, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/sj\/tjgb\/rkpcgb\/qgrkpcgb\/202302\/t20230206_1901997.html"},{"issue":"8","key":"3111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0256","volume":"43","author":"M Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li M, Xu Y, Wan Q, Shen F, Xu M, Zhao Z, et al. Individual and combined associations of modifiable lifestyle and metabolic health status with new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events: the China cardiometabolic disease and cancer cohort (4\u00a0C) study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(8):1929\u201336.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"24","key":"3111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.22208","volume":"326","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Shi Z, Song Z, et al. Prevalence and treatment of diabetes in China, 2013\u20132018. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2498\u2013506.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"3111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1098","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00251-2","volume":"9","author":"Y Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Y, Lu J, Li M, Wang T, Wang K, Cao Q, et al. Diabetes in China part 2: Prevention, challenges, and progress. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(12):e1098\u2013104.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"3111_CR7","unstructured":"Departmental Affairs, The State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Healthy China Initiative (2019\u20132030). Healthy China Initiative (2019\u20132030).\u00a0[Cited July 18, 2025] Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2019-07\/15\/content_5409694.htm"},{"issue":"3","key":"3111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.14070","volume":"27","author":"A Woodward","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woodward A, Walters K, Davies N, Nimmons D, Protheroe J, Chew-Graham CA, et al. Barriers and facilitators of self-management of diabetes amongst people experiencing socioeconomic deprivation: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis. Health Expect. 2024;27(3): e14070.","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11308-4","volume":"21","author":"M Adhikari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adhikari M, Devkota HR, Cesuroglu T. Barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-management practices in rupandehi, nepal- multiple stakeholders\u2019 perspective. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1269.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2015.12.018","volume":"99","author":"M Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi M, Xu MY, Liu ZL, Duan XY, Zhu YB, Shi HM, et al. Effectiveness of family involvement in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients: a follow-up study. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(5):776\u201382.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18022-x","volume":"24","author":"AM Parviniannasab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parviniannasab AM, Faramarzian Z, Hosseini SA, Hamidizadeh S, Bijani M. The effect of social support, diabetes management self-efficacy, and diabetes distress on resilience among patients with type 2 diabetes: a moderated mediation analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):477.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15173","volume":"66","author":"M Markle-Reid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Markle-Reid M, Ploeg J, Fraser KD, Fisher KA, Bartholomew A, Griffith LE, et al. Community program improves quality of life and self-management in older adults with diabetes mellitus and comorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(2):263\u201373.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21656-0","volume":"25","author":"X Tong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tong X, Zou H, Zhang L, Chen W. Impact of the family Doctor system on medication adherence among type 2 diabetes patients in China: a difference-in-differences analysis. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):404.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-10903-6","volume":"24","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhang P, Chen W. Can family doctor system improve health service utilization for patients with hypertension and diabetes in China? A difference-in-differences study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):454.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.02.014","volume":"230","author":"X Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu X, Ren B, Liu W, Lei S, Lin S, Liu Q, et al. The short- and long-term effects of community-family-doctor-based type 2 diabetes self-management interventions. Public Health. 2024;230:96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR16","first-page":"50","volume":"50","author":"W Wang Wenjuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Wenjuan W, Yongze F, Nongping C, Bo L, Jiawu GL, et al. Study on developing a brief version of diabetes Self-management Knowledge, Attitude, and behavior assessment Scale(DSKAB-SF). Chin J Prev Med. 2016;50(1):50\u201355.","journal-title":"Chin J Prev Med"},{"key":"3111_CR17","unstructured":"Shaojing JIA, Donglian ZHENG, Guangli MI. Knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetes prevention among high-risk population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin Nurs Manag. 2018;18(4):457\u2013460."},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR18","first-page":"315","volume":"13","author":"Chinese Diabetes Society","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinese Diabetes Society. Chinese guidelines for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (2020 Edition). Chin J Diabetes Mellit. 2021;13(4):315\u2013409.","journal-title":"Chin J Diabetes Mellit"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10289-8","volume":"21","author":"H Alaof\u00e8","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alaof\u00e8 H, Hounkpatin WA, Djrolo F, Ehiri J, Rosales C. Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes in Cotonou, Southern Benin. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):339.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03151-y","volume":"22","author":"K Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie K, Perna L, Sch\u00f6ttker B, Kliegel M, Brenner H, Mons U. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive decline in older adults in Germany - results from a population-based cohort. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):455.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01414-9","volume":"16","author":"SM Dsouza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dsouza SM, Venne J, Shetty S, Brand H. Identification of challenges and leveraging mHealth technology, with need-based solutions to empower self-management in type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2024;16(1):182.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr."},{"issue":"9","key":"3111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13436","volume":"15","author":"J Butayeva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butayeva J, Ratan ZA, Downie S, Hosseinzadeh H. The impact of health literacy interventions on glycemic control and self-management outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Diabetes. 2023;15(9):724\u201335.","journal-title":"J Diabetes."},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14831-0","volume":"22","author":"N Phoosuwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phoosuwan N, Ongarj P, Hjelm K. Knowledge on diabetes and its related factors among the people with type 2 diabetes in thailand: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2365.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25211-4","volume":"12","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H, Wang L, Huang J, Li B, Qiu T. The relationship between the knowledge of diabetes mellitus and the mental, psychological and emotional status of T2DM patients based on a structural equation model. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):20714.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-024-02600-4","volume":"25","author":"L Pi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pi L, He B, Fei D, Shi X, Zhou Z. Diabetes knowledge, attitudes and practices among Chinese primary care physicians: A cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25:348.","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"3111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.03.010","volume":"103","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S, Qian D, Burstr\u00f6m K, Burstr\u00f6m B. Impact of an educational intervention in primary care on fasting blood glucose levels and diabetes knowledge among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural China. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(9):1767\u201373.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns."},{"key":"3111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S374120","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Cheng K, Wang H, Xu Z, Zhang R, Cheng W, et al. Exercise adherence and compliance and its related factors among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in china: A cross-sectional study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:3329\u201339.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"3111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","volume":"12","author":"J Mesinovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mesinovic J, Zengin A, De Courten B, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther. 2019;12:1057\u201372.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010183","volume":"13","author":"A Izzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Izzo A, Massimino E, Riccardi G, Della Pepa G. A narrative review on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and associated factors. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):183.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"15","key":"3111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154424","volume":"29","author":"JA Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin JA, Hou JD, Wu SY. Effect of sarcopenia on mortality in type 2 diabetes: A long-term follow-up propensity score-matched diabetes cohort study. J Clin Med. 2022;29(15):4424.","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"3111_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112079","volume":"222","author":"M Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng M, Gu L, Zeng Y, Gao W, Cai C, Chen Y, et al. The efficacy of resistance exercise training on metabolic health, body composition, and muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025;222:112079.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"3111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0338","volume":"45","author":"A Celli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Celli A, Barnouin Y, Jiang B, Blevins D, Colleluori G, Mediwala S, et al. Lifestyle intervention strategy to treat diabetes in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(9):1943\u201352.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2021.11.001","volume":"16","author":"A Farooqi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farooqi A, Gillies C, Sathanapally H, Abner S, Seidu S, Davies MJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the prevalence of depression between people with and without type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2022;16(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"3111_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-018939","volume":"10","author":"KA Nguyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nguyen KA, Daniel M, Zhao Y, Sekgala D, Kallakuri S, Hill J, et al. Association of depression with glycaemic control in people living with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2025;10(7): e018939.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"3111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05122-y","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li X, Bi Y, Kan Y, Liu H, Liu L, et al. Effects of family function, depression, and self-perceived burden on loneliness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a serial multiple mediation model. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):636.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer RL, Schlenker CG, Cruz I, No\u00ebl PH, Palmer RF, Poursani R, et al. Community health workers as trust builders and healers: A cohort study in primary care. Ann Fam Med. 202;20(5):438-45.","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2848"},{"issue":"4","key":"3111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03498-w","volume":"31","author":"S Mueller","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mueller S, Dinges SMT, Gass F, Fegers-Wustrow I, Treitschke J, von Korn P, et al. Telemedicine-supported lifestyle intervention for glycemic control in patients with CHD and T2DM: multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(4):1203\u201313.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55757","volume":"26","author":"D Kerr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kerr D, Ahn D, Waki K, Wang J, Breznen B, Klonoff DC. Digital interventions for self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26: e55757.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:48:47Z","timestamp":1767048527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-025-03111-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The researches have received ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board for Human Studies of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China (Approval No. 2023-1-23-3). Informed written consent was obtained from participants prior to data collection. Ethical considerations have been observed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The data presented in this study are anonymized and do not include identifiable patient information. Therefore, specific consent for publication was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"408"}}