{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:52:06Z","timestamp":1781639526482,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012446","name":"Akershus University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the effects on health care of an adapted Norwegian version of a Canadian model of collaborative care, involving general practitioners (GPs) and mental health specialists working together co-located in GP practices. In previous papers, we have shown that the adapted model was successfully implemented and found to be beneficial by participating GPs, improving their detection of anxiety in young people, and with a reduction in long term sickness benefits. The current study examines whether collaborative care was associated with changes in (a) the number of referrals from GPs to mental health services, (b) the number of GP patients provided outpatient visits in mental health services, (c) GPs\u2019 recognition of common mental disorders, and (d) GPs\u2019 prescription of various types of psychotropic medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was a cluster-randomised controlled trial of the collaborative care model in three GP practices (intervention group) compared with usual health care in three other practices (control group) in Oslo, Norway. A clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist from a community mental health centre worked half time and two hours per week, respectively, in each intervention practice for 18 months. They were available for case discussions and provided assessments and brief therapies. Structured data were extracted retrospectively from the electronic patient records of both GPs and mental health services for 12 months before and during the implementation of collaborative care for patients 16\u201365 years old. Data were analysed with generalized linear mixed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were no significant differences in referrals to mental health services (the primary outcome) and in the use of outpatient specialised mental health services. The GPs in the intervention practices diagnosed significantly more patients with common mental disorders (anxiety, depression), and these changes were significantly associated with a reduction in unexplained physical symptoms. Significant changes in prescribing patterns of psychotropic medication were consistent with the increased recognition of mental disorders, and their use was possibly more appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collaborative care with co-located mental health specialists in GP practices led to an increased recognition of common mental disorders by those GPs. Due to a lack of structured clinical measurements in the electronic patient records, the clinical outcomes of the intervention were unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:13:17Z","timestamp":1772104397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of collaborative care on recognition and management of common mental disorders by general practitioners: a cluster-randomised trial in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Torleif","family":"Ruud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u016brat\u0117 \u0160altyt\u0117","family":"Benth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorun","family":"Rugk\u00e5sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina Piiksi","family":"Dahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil","family":"Hanssen-Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Kates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Gunnar","family":"Tveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger Cathrine","family":"Kann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Rikard","family":"Haavet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3227_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856212458007","volume":"20","author":"L Lampe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lampe L, Shadbolt N, Starcevic V, Boyce P, Brakoulias V, Hitching R, et al. Diagnostic processes in mental health: GPs and psychiatrists reading from the same book but on a different page. Australas Psychiatry. 2012;20(5):374\u20138.","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3227_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/17523281.2014.939221","volume":"7","author":"J Klimas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klimas J, Neary A, McNicholas C, Meagher D, Cullen W. The prevalence of common mental and substance use disorders in general practice: a literature review and discussion paper. Mental Health Subst Use. 2014;7(4):497\u2013508.","journal-title":"Mental Health Subst Use"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1381-4","volume":"17","author":"J Sundquist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sundquist J, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Kendler KS. Common adult psychiatric disorders in Swedish primary care where most mental health patients are treated. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):235.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"715","key":"3227_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0340","volume":"72","author":"H Sandvik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sandvik H, Hetlevik O, Blinkenberg J, Hunskaar S. Continuity in general practice as predictor of mortality, acute hospitalisation, and use of out-of-hours care: a registry-based observational study in Norway. Br J Gen Pract. 2022;72(715):e84\u201390.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"3227_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1756","volume":"18","author":"SR Kjosavik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kjosavik SR, Ruths S, Hunskaar S. Psychotropic drug use in the Norwegian general population in 2005: data from the Norwegian Prescription Database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(7):572\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"3227_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01697.x","volume":"123","author":"SR Kjosavik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kjosavik SR, Hunskaar S, Aarsland D, Ruths S. Initial prescription of antipsychotics and antidepressants in general practice and specialist care in Norway. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;123(6):459\u201365.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"3227_CR7","first-page":"1017","volume":"140","author":"TM Johnsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnsen TM, Norberg BL, Krogh FH, Sigurdsson JA, Getz L. Complex issues in general practice \u2013 a prevalence study [Komplekse problemstillinger i allmennpraksis \u2013 en prevalensstudie]. Tidsskrift Den Norske legeforening. 2020;140(10):1017\u201322.","journal-title":"Tidsskrift Den Norske legeforening"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01865-x","volume":"23","author":"MP Dahli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dahli MP, Haavet OR, Ruud T, Brekke M. GPs\u2019 identification of patients with mental distress: a coupled questionnaire and cohort study from norwegian urban general practice. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23(1):260.","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3227_CR9","first-page":"766","volume":"38","author":"MP Dahli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dahli MP, Saltyte-Benth J, Haavet OR, Ruud T, Brekke M. Somatic symptoms and associations with common psychological diagnoses: a retrospective cohort study from Norwegian urban general practice. Fam Pract. 2021;38(6):766\u201372.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmq078","volume":"28","author":"OR Haavet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haavet OR, Sirpal MK, Haugen W, Christensen KS. Diagnosis of depressed young people in primary health care\u2013a validation of HSCL-10. Fam Pract. 2011;28(2):233\u20137.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"3227_CR11","first-page":"167","volume":"7","author":"A Tylee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tylee A, Ghandi P. The Importance of Somatic Symptoms in Depression in Primary Care. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;7:167\u201376.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2020.1783477","volume":"38","author":"MP Dahli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dahli MP, Brekke M, Ruud T, Haavet OR. Prevalence and distribution of psychological diagnoses and related frequency of consultations in Norwegian urban general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2020;38(2):124\u201331.","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"3227_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0210-8","volume":"10","author":"H Sinnema","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinnema H, Majo MC, Volker D, Hoogendoorn A, Terluin B, Wensing M, et al. Effectiveness of a tailored implementation programme to improve recognition, diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression in general practice: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Implement Sci. 2015;10:33.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0784-8","volume":"19","author":"H Sinnema","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sinnema H, Terluin B, Volker D, Wensing M, van Balkom A. Factors contributing to the recognition of anxiety and depression in general practice. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):99.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/JAC.0b013e31820f6435","volume":"34","author":"N Kates","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kates N, McPherson-Doe C, George L. Integrating mental health services within primary care settings: the Hamilton Family Health Team. J Ambul Care Manag. 2011b;34(2):174\u201382.","journal-title":"J Ambul Care Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.5588","volume":"21","author":"T Carron","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carron T, Rawlinson C, Arditi C, Cohidon C, Hong QN, Pluye P, et al. An Overview of Reviews on Interprofessional Collaboration in Primary Care: Effectiveness. Int J Integr Care. 2021;21(2):31.","journal-title":"Int J Integr Care"},{"key":"3227_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harkness EF, Bower PJ. On-site mental health workers delivering psychological therapy and psychosocial interventions to patients in primary care: effects on the professional practice of primary care providers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000532.pub2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000532.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000532"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-024-00625-x","volume":"18","author":"AN Isaacs","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isaacs AN, Mitchell EKL. Mental health integrated care models in primary care and factors that contribute to their effective implementation: a scoping review. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2024;18(1):5.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"3227_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11111616","volume":"169","author":"E Woltmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woltmann E, Grogan-Kaylor A, Perron B, Georges H, Kilbourne AM, Bauer MS. Comparative effectiveness of Collaborative Chronic Care Models for Mental Health Conditions Across Primary, Specialty, and Behavioral Health Care Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(8):790\u2013804.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3227_CR20","first-page":"CD006525","volume":"10","author":"J Archer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Archer J, Bower P, Gilbody S, Lovell K, Richards D, Gask L, et al. Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10(10):CD006525.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"3227_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e042052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042052","volume":"10","author":"JB Woods","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woods JB, Greenfield G, Majeed A, Hayhoe B. Clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of individual mental health workers colocated within primary care practices: a systematic literature review. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e042052.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3227_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2314","volume":"166","author":"S Gilbody","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilbody S, Bower P, Fletcher J, Richards D, Sutton AJ. Collaborative Care for Depression. A Cumulative Meta-analysis and Review of Longer-term Outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2314\u201321.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3227_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kates N. Integrating Mental Health Services: Principles, Practices and Possibilities. Chapter 4, pages 1-16. In: In Primary Care Medicine - Theory and Practice, edited by H. Cakmur. London. UK Intechopen; 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.1002786.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1002786"},{"issue":"10","key":"3227_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2018.1471218","volume":"20","author":"N Kates","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kates N, Arroll B, Currie E, Hanlon C, Gask L, Klasen H, et al. Improving collaboration between primary care and mental health services. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2019;20(10):748\u201365.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3227_CR25","unstructured":"Kates N, Mazowita G, Lemire F, Jayabarathan A, Bland R, Selby P, et al. The Evolution of Collaborative Mental Health Care in Canada: A Shared Vision for the Future. Position Paper. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(5):1\u201310."},{"key":"3227_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruud T, Rugk\u00e5sa J, Haavet OR, Dahli MP, Hanssen-Bauer K, Brekke M, et al. A collaborative primary and mental health care model with psychologist and psychiatrist working in GP practices: process evaluation of the implementation, challenges, and sustainability. BMC Health Serv Res. 2025;25(1):1178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-025-13408-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13408-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05691-8","volume":"20","author":"J Rugkasa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rugkasa J, Tveit OG, Berteig J, Hussain A, Ruud T. Collaborative care for mental health: a qualitative study of the experiences of patients and health professionals. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):844.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3227_CR28","unstructured":"Kann IC, Dahl MP, Ruud T. Ny samhandlingsmodell for pasienter med psykiske lidelser: P\u00e5virkes sykefrav\u00e6r eller arbeidsavklaringspenger? [New collaborative care model for patients with mental disorders: Is sick leave or work assessment allowance money affected?]. Arbeid og velferd. 2019;(2):27\u201341. https:\/\/arbeidogvelferd.nav.no\/journal\/2019\/2."},{"issue":"12","key":"3227_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e050036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050036","volume":"11","author":"OR Haavet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haavet OR, Saltyte Benth J, Gjelstad S, Hanssen-Bauer K, Dahli MP, Kates N, et al. Detecting young people with mental disorders: a cluster-randomised trial of multidisciplinary health teams at the GP office. BMJ Open. 2021;11(12):e050036.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3227_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-18","volume":"8","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, Group C. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med. 2010;8:18.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3227_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.004","volume":"63","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(8):e1\u201337.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3227_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Norway 2014: Raising Standards. Mental health in Norway. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264208469-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264208469-en"},{"key":"3227_CR33","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Health system review","author":"\u00c5 Ringard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ringard \u00c5, Sagan A, Perre Saunes I, Lindahl AK, Norway. Health system review. Copenhagen: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2013. p. 8. Contract No."},{"key":"3227_CR34","unstructured":"Allmennlegeforeningen. Innbyggere uten fastlege [Inhabitants without a regular general practitioner]: Den norske legeforening [The Norwegian Medical Association]; 2025 [Available from: https:\/\/www.legeforeningen.no\/foreningsledd\/yf\/allmennlegeforeningen\/krisen-i-fastlegeordningen\/lister-uten-fast-lege\/"},{"key":"3227_CR35","volume-title":"International Health Care System Profiles","author":"R Tikkanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tikkanen R, Osborn R, Mossialos E, Djordjevic A, Wharton GA. International Health Care System Profiles. New York: Norway; 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","volume":"38","author":"E Proctor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons G, Bunger A, et al. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011;38(2):65\u201376.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"3227_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WONCA. International Classification of Primary Care. 2nd ed. revised (ICPC-2-R). England: Oxford University Press; 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198568575.001.0001.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198568575.001.0001"},{"key":"3227_CR38","unstructured":"WHO. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC\/DDD). World Health Organisation; [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/other-classifications\/the-anatomical-therapeutic-chemical-classification-system-with-defined-daily-doses"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06712-w","volume":"21","author":"S Ruths","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruths S, Haukenes I, Hetlevik O, Smith-Sivertsen T, Hjorleifsson S, Hansen AB, et al. Trends in treatment for patients with depression in general practice in Norway, 2009\u20132015: nationwide registry-based cohort study (The Norwegian GP-DEP Study). BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):697.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06982-4","volume":"21","author":"OG Tveit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tveit OG, Ruud T, Hanssen-Bauer K, Haavet OR, Hussain A. An explorative study of factors associated with treatment in specialized mental health care centers among GP patients in Norway. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):960.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"3227_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"139","author":"GL Sporaland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sporaland GL, Mouland G, Bratland B, Rygh E, Reiso H. General practitioners\u2019 use of ICPC diagnoses and their correspondence with patient record notes. Tidsskrift Den Norske legeforening. 2019;139(15):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Tidsskrift Den Norske legeforening"},{"key":"3227_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seljeflot LM, Blix HS, Andersson Y, Hynnekleiv T. Forbruk av psykofarmaka i spesialisthelsetjenesten for psykisk helsevern og rusbehandling 2012\u201323 [Consumption of psychotropic drugs in specialist mental health and substance abuse treatment services 2012\u201323]. Tidsskrift Den Norske legeforening. 2025;145(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4045\/tidsskr.24.0531.","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.24.0531"},{"issue":"1","key":"3227_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-018-0885-4","volume":"20","author":"SA Svensson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Svensson SA, Hedenrud TM, Wallerstedt SM. Attitudes and behaviour towards psychotropic drug prescribing in Swedish primary care: a questionnaire study. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):4.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"3227_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182a3e4c4","volume":"51","author":"CJ Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller CJ, Grogan-Kaylor A, Perron BE, Kilbourne AM, Woltmann E, Bauer MS. Collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions: cumulative meta-analysis and metaregression to guide future research and implementation. Med Care. 2013;51(10):922\u201330.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3227_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221102201","volume":"68","author":"N Kates","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kates N, Ng V, Sunderji N, Patriquin M, Alloo J, Mirwaldt P, et al. Collaborative Mental Health Care in Canada: Challenges, Opportunities and New Directions. Can J Psychiatry. 2023;68(5):372\u201398.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3227_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-016-0064-8","volume":"10","author":"T Ruud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruud T, Aarre TF, Boeskov B, Husev\u00e5g PS, Klepp R, Kristiansen SA, et al. Satisfaction with primary care and mental health care among individuals with severe mental illness in a rural area: a seven-year follow-up study of a clinical cohort. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016;10:33.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"3227_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131916656455","volume":"7","author":"KL Grazier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grazier KL, Smiley ML, Bondalapati KS. Overcoming Barriers to Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care Services. J Prim Care Community Health. 2016;7(4):242\u20138.","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"3227_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2496-z","volume":"28","author":"AN O\u2019Donnell","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell AN, Williams M, Kilbourne AM. Overcoming roadblocks: current and emerging reimbursement strategies for integrated mental health services in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(12):1667\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby054","volume":"9","author":"KM Ross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ross KM, Gilchrist EC, Melek SP, Gordon PD, Ruland SL, Miller BF. Cost savings associated with an alternative payment model for integrating behavioral health in primary care. Transl Behav Med. 2019;9(2):274\u201381.","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"3227_CR50","volume-title":"Evaluering av fastlegeordningen [Evaluation of the GP scheme]","author":"MB Holden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holden MB, Rasmussen I. Evaluering av fastlegeordningen [Evaluation of the GP scheme]. Oslo: EY og Vista Analyse; 2019."},{"issue":"614","key":"3227_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e604","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp13X671588","volume":"63","author":"CW Ng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ng CW, Ng KP. Does practice size matter? Review of effects on quality of care in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(614):e604\u201310.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"3227_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102262","volume":"65","author":"C Abrahamsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abrahamsen C, Reme SE, Wangen KR, Lindbaek M, Werner EL. The effects of a structured communication tool in patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms: a cluster randomized trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;65:102262.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3227_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6911784","volume":"69","author":"OR Haavet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haavet OR, Myhrer KS, Kates N, Mdala I, Aschim B, Lundevall S, et al. Impact of a cognitive behavioural therapy training program on family physician practices Cross-sectional study in Norway. Can Fam Physician. 2023;69:784\u201391.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"3227_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.690281","volume":"69","author":"S Truelove","year":"2023","unstructured":"Truelove S, Ng V, Kates N, Alloo J, Sunderji N, Patriquin MJ. Collaborative mental health care: Engaging health systems to support a team-based approach. Can Fam Physician. 2023;69(2):81\u20133.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:57:08Z","timestamp":1781636228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03227-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The cluster-randomized controlled trial received the necessary approvals from The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics South-East (REC, reg. no. 2014\/435), The National Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (NEM, reg. no. 2014\/160), and the Data Protection Officer at Akershus University Hospital (reg. no. 2013\u2009\u2212\u2009138). The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent to participate in the cluster-randomized controlled trial was obtained for two patient cohorts completing a questionnaire at GP practices, and REC and NEM granted exemption from confidentiality to extraction of some specified structured data from the electronic patient records in GP practices for two patient cohorts. NEM determined that the study fulfilled the necessary legal criteria to extract structured register data from the GP offices without giving the patients information or asking for written consent. These three legal criteria were that it is difficult to obtain consent for the large number of patients on the lists at the six GP practices, that the research is of significant interest to society, and that the planned procedures safeguard the welfare and integrity of the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}