{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T05:04:58Z","timestamp":1794114298876,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:30:19Z","timestamp":1775007019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of serum albumin level, feeding route, and mobility status with pressure ulcer presence in bedridden adults receiving long-term care"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6437-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melike","family":"Karabulut Ozer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0333-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latife Merve","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilara","family":"Canbay Ozdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7065-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersin","family":"Ozer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozg\u00fcr","family":"Enginyurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13182","volume":"32","author":"S Choragudi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choragudi S, Andrade LF, Maskan Bermudez N, Burke O, Sa BC, Kirsner RS. Trends in inpatient burden from pressure injuries in the United States: Cross-sectional study National Inpatient Sample 2009\u20132019. Wound Repair Regen. 2024;32(4):487\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wrr.13182.","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"3291_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230039","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-220x-reeusp-2023-0039en","volume":"57","author":"FS Pott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pott FS, Meier MJ, Stocco JGD, Petz FDFC, Roehrs H, Ziegelmann PK. Pressure injury prevention measures: overview of systematic reviews. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2023;57:e20230039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-220x-reeusp-2023-0039en.","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e057624","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057624","volume":"12","author":"L Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding L, Hu X, Wei L, Sun M, Sun G, Jiang G, et al. Risk factors for hospital-acquired and community-acquired pressure injuries: a multicentre mixed case\u2013control study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e057624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057624.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6955-13-16","volume":"13","author":"E McGinnis","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGinnis E, Briggs M, Collinson M, Wilson L, Dealey C, Brown J, et al. Pressure ulcer related pain in community populations: a prevalence survey. BMC Nurs. 2014;13(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6955-13-16.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_277_17","volume":"22","author":"A Mahmoodpoor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahmoodpoor A, Shadvar K, Saghaleini S, Dehghan K, Ostadi Z. Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018;22(4):283\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_277_17.","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02080-y","volume":"23","author":"H Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee H, Choi S. Protocols and their effects for medical device-related pressure injury prevention among critically ill patients: a systematic review. BMC Nurs. 2024;23(1):403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02080-y.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"3291_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2005.03.005","volume":"4","author":"RJ Stratton","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stratton RJ, Ek AC, Engfer M, Moore Z, Rigby P, Wolfe R, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4(3):422\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2005.03.005.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"3291_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin Z, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Sun S, et al. Pressure ulcer healing promoted by adequate protein intake in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2018 Mar;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2018.5934.","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.5934"},{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040797","volume":"10","author":"M\u00c1 D\u00edaz-Herrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Herrera M\u00c1, Mart\u00ednez-Riera JR, Verd\u00fa-Soriano J, Capillas-P\u00e9rez RM, Pont-Garc\u00eda C, Tenllado-P\u00e9rez S, et al. Multicentre Study of Chronic Wounds Point Prevalence in Primary Health Care in the Southern Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10040797.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR10","first-page":"166","volume":"108","author":"AJ Visconti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Visconti AJ, Sola OI, Raghavan PV. Pressure Injuries: Prevention, Evaluation, and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2023;108(2):166\u201374. PubMed PMID: 37590857.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"12","key":"3291_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.09.005","volume":"111","author":"E Cereda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cereda E, Klersy C, Rondanelli M, Caccialanza R. Energy Balance in Patients with Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(12):1868\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jada.2011.09.005.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13130","volume":"32","author":"LJ Gould","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gould LJ, Alderden J, Aslam R, Barbul A, Bogie KM, El Masry M, et al. WHS guidelines for the treatment of pressure ulcers\u20142023 update. Wound Repair Regen. 2024;32(1):6\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wrr.13130.","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15648-8","volume":"15","author":"Y Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng Y, Liu M, Wang C, Liu Y, Deng H, Tang D, et al. Risk factors for hospital-acquired pressure injury in neurosurgery inpatients: a real-world prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):29327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-15648-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3291_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Langer G, Fink A. Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. editor Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003216.pub2. Cochrane Wounds Group.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003216.pub2"},{"issue":"17","key":"3291_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172907","volume":"17","author":"C Capurso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Capurso C, Lo Buglio A, Bellanti F, Serviddio G. C-Reactive Protein\/Albumin Ratio vs. Prognostic Nutritional Index as the Best Predictor of Early Mortality in Hospitalized Older Patients, Regardless of Admitting Diagnosis. Nutrients. 2025;17(17):2907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17172907.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4274\/tybd.galenos.2022.81894","volume":"21","author":"H Esen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Esen H, \u00d6zbek C. Root Cause Analysis and Prevalence of Pressure Injuries a Neurointensive Care Unit. Turk J Intensive Care. 2023;21(2):127\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/tybd.galenos.2022.81894.","journal-title":"Turk J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"3291_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15316","volume":"29","author":"A Moda Vitoriano Budri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moda Vitoriano Budri A, Moore Z, Patton D, O\u2019Connor T, Nugent L, Mc Cann A, et al. Impaired mobility and pressure ulcer development in older adults: Excess movement and too little movement\u2014Two sides of the one coin? J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(15\u201316):2927\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15316.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020761","volume":"19","author":"ML Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung ML, Widdel M, Kirchhoff J, Sellin J, Jelali M, Geiser F, et al. Risk Factors for Pressure Injuries in Adult Patients: A Narrative Synthesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(2):761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19020761.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3291_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12004","volume":"11","author":"R Serra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Serra R, Caroleo S, Buffone G, Lugar\u00e0 M, Molinari V, Tropea F, et al. Low serum albumin level as an independent risk factor for the onset of pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients. Int Wound J. 2014;11(5):550\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.12004.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12131","volume":"12","author":"R Serra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Serra R, Grande R, Buffone G, Gallelli L, Caroleo S, Tropea F, et al. Albumin administration prevents the onset of pressure ulcers in intensive care unit patients. Int Wound J. 2015;12(4):432\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.12131.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2460780","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60780","volume":"8","author":"AM Hartford","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hartford AM, Li W, Qureshi D, Talarico R, Fung SG, Bush SH, et al. Use of Feeding Tubes Among Hospitalized Older Adults With Dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(2):e2460780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.60780.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"S1","key":"3291_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13024","volume":"16","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Kim JY, Dong CB, Park OK. Developing risk-adjusted quality indicators for pressure ulcers in long\u2010term care hospitals in the Republic of Korea. Int Wound J. 2019;16(S1):43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.13024.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.18521\/ktd.1518806","volume":"17","author":"\u015e Yildirim Polat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yildirim Polat \u015e, \u00d6zkaya H, Bakt\u0131r Altunta\u015f S. Retrospective Analysis of Factors Affecting Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Pressure Ulcers in the Palliative Care Unit. Konuralp Tip Derg. 2025;17(2):176\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18521\/ktd.1518806.","journal-title":"Konuralp Tip Derg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"em431","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/12636","volume":"20","author":"KE Elsorady","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elsorady KE, Nouh AH. Biomarkers and clinical features associated with pressure injury among geriatric patients. Electron J Gen Med. 2023;20(1):em431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ejgm\/12636.","journal-title":"Electron J Gen Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3291_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2022.02.005","volume":"31","author":"N Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang N, Lv L, Yan F, Ma Y, Miao L, Foon Chung LY, et al. Biomarkers for the early detection of pressure injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Tissue Viability. 2022;31(2):259\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2022.02.005.","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"issue":"3","key":"3291_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.25270\/wmp.2022.3.2027","volume":"68","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Lin Z, Mei K, Zhao J. Factors Associated With Pressure Injury Development in Older Hospitalized Patients: A Prospective Descriptive Study. Wound Manag Prev. 2022;68(3):20\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25270\/wmp.2022.3.2027.","journal-title":"Wound Manag Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06517-0","volume":"25","author":"Q Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu Q, Cheng N, Cao F, Wen H, Sun M. Risk factors of pressure injury in elderly inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06517-0.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"3291_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51842","DOI":"10.2196\/51842","volume":"12","author":"TJ Reese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reese TJ, Domenico HJ, Hernandez A, Byrne DW, Moore RP, Williams JB, et al. Implementable Prediction of Pressure Injuries in Hospitalized Adults: Model Development and Validation. JMIR Med Inf. 2024;12:e51842\u201351842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/51842.","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inf"},{"issue":"17","key":"3291_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13172739","volume":"13","author":"ED Barghouthi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barghouthi ED, Owda AY, Asia M, Owda M. Systematic Review for Risks of Pressure Injury and Prediction Models Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Diagnostics. 2023;13(17):2739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13172739.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3291_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohta M, Ohura T, Okada K, Nakamura Y, Kumagai E, Kataoka H et al. Convergent Validity of Three Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scales: Comparing the PPRA-Home (Pressure Injury Primary Risk Assessment Scale for Home Care) to Two Traditional Scales. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021;Volume 14:207\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S294734","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S294734"},{"key":"3291_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Usanma Koban B. Factors Affecting Pressure Sores in Palliative Care Patients. Haydarpasa Numune Train Res Hosp Med J. 2024;1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/hnhj.2022.81567.","DOI":"10.14744\/hnhj.2022.81567"},{"issue":"1","key":"3291_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03937-1","volume":"15","author":"S Itoh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Itoh S, Yokota S, Yotsu RR, Tanaka S, Abe K, Kodama K, et al. Factors associated with pressure ulcers among middle-old and oldest-old inpatients in an acute care hospital. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):23538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03937-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3291_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2022.06.007","volume":"33","author":"N Munoz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Munoz N, Litchford M, Cereda E. Nutrition and Wound Care. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2022;33(4):811\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2022.06.007.","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:45:01Z","timestamp":1778546701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03291-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ordu University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: 2025\/18). Due to the retrospective design, informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"186"}}