{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T15:17:26Z","timestamp":1794496646001,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgium VLIR-UOS Institutional University Cooperation (IUC) programme","award":["KE2022IUC041A105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KE2022IUC041A105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Prim. Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T06:35:18Z","timestamp":1775457318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addressing priority gaps in access and quality of NCD services in primary care settings in Rural Kenya: a participatory approach to intervention development"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ogol Japheth","family":"Ouma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dickens","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah","family":"Museve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Akinyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichodemus Were","family":"Amollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Ogutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Obinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Owenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ayodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Bogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefien","family":"van Olmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9941","key":"3295_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60616-4","volume":"384","author":"V Kontis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kontis V, et al. Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25\u00d7 25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. Lancet. 2014;384(9941):427\u201337.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10467","key":"3295_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","volume":"404","author":"B Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou B, et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet. 2024;404(10467):2077\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"3295_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30370-5","volume":"7","author":"JJ Bigna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bigna JJ, Noubiap JJ. The rising burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(10):e1295\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3295_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab142","volume":"37","author":"C Boudreaux","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boudreaux C, et al. Addressing severe chronic Ncds across Africa: measuring demand for the package of essential non-communicable disease interventions-plus (PEN-plus). Health Policy Plann. 2022;37(4):452\u201360.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"key":"3295_CR5","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Division of Non-communicable Diseases. National Clinical Guidelines on Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 2023 Edition. Nairobi, Kenya: DNCD, August 2023."},{"key":"3295_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2025). Noncommunicable diseases progress monitor 2025. World Health Organization."},{"key":"3295_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574111","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.574111","volume":"8","author":"A Budreviciute","year":"2020","unstructured":"Budreviciute A, et al. Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Front public health. 2020;8:574111.","journal-title":"Front public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3295_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"SF Mohamed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohamed SF, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: results from a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(3):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3295_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatimu, S. M., & John, T. W. (2020). Socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension in Kenya: a decomposition analysis of 2015 Kenya STEPwise survey on non-communicable diseases risk factors. International journal for equity in health, 19(1), 213.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01321-1"},{"key":"3295_CR10","volume-title":"Kenya national strategy for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2015\u20132020","author":"M Kenya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenya M. Kenya national strategy for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2015\u20132020. Nairobi: Ministry of Health Division of Non-communicable Diseases; 2015."},{"key":"3295_CR11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018."},{"key":"3295_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6051-z","volume":"18","author":"RG Wamai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wamai RG, Kengne AP, Levitt N. Non-communicable diseases surveillance: overview of magnitude and determinants in Kenya from STEPwise approach survey of 2015. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.37284\/eajhs.7.1.1696","volume":"7","author":"Y Opanga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Opanga Y, et al. Critical Success Factors for Deployment of Primary Health Care Networks and their Impact in Kenya. East Afr J Health Sci. 2024;7(1):10\u201321.","journal-title":"East Afr J Health Sci"},{"key":"3295_CR14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2018). A vision for primary health care in the 21st century: towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals (No. WHO\/HIS\/SDS\/2018.15). World Health Organization."},{"key":"3295_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, C., Nongkynrih, B., Onakpoya, I., McCall, M., Barkley, S., & Collins, T. E. (2019). Better health and wellbeing for billion more people: integrating non-communicable diseases in primary care. Bmj, 364.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l327"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24504","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24504","volume":"7","author":"AR Demaio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Demaio AR, et al. Primary Health Care: a strategic framework for the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable disease. Global health action. 2014;7(1):24504.","journal-title":"Global health action"},{"key":"3295_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Declaration of Alma Ata. World Health Organization; 2000 Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/almaata_declaration_en.pdf. Accessed 531, 2019."},{"key":"3295_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouma, O. J., Omondi, D., Museve, E., Bogers, J., & van Olmen, J. (2026). Evaluation of a training intervention for primary healthcare workers to improve management of diabetes and hypertension in Kisumu County, Kenya: a mixed-methods study. BMC Health Services Research.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7682531\/v1"},{"key":"3295_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amollo, N. W., Ogol, J., Museve, E., Owenga, J. A., Aduda, D. O., & Onguru, D. (2026). Financial determinants of effective hypertension and diabetes care in rural primary health facilities in Kisumu, Kenya: a mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8079392\/v1"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"3295_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001188","volume":"3","author":"SB Rifkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rifkin SB. Alma Ata after 40 years: Primary Health Care and Health for All\u2014from consensus to complexity. BMJ global health. 2018;3(Suppl 3):e001188.","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-022-00751-y","volume":"20","author":"R Kinuthia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kinuthia R, et al. The development of task sharing policy and guidelines in Kenya. Hum Resour Health. 2022;20(1):61.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"3295_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.003","volume":"74","author":"R Vedanthan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vedanthan R, et al. Community health workers improve linkage to hypertension care in Western Kenya. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(15):1897\u2013906.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3295_CR23","unstructured":"Mwiti, B. K. (2020). Bottom-up design approach: A community-led intervention in fighting lifestyle diseases within urban informal settlements in Nairobi."},{"key":"3295_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okube, O. T., Kimani, S., & Mirie, W. (2022). Community-based lifestyle intervention improves metabolic syndrome and related markers among Kenyan adults. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 21(1), 607\u2013621.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-01023-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"3295_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000224","volume":"2","author":"L Gilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gilson L, et al. Everyday resilience in district health systems: emerging insights from the front lines in Kenya and South Africa. BMJ global health. 2017;2(2):e000224.","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"issue":"9866","key":"3295_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61806-6","volume":"381","author":"G Alleyne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alleyne G, et al. Embedding non-communicable diseases in the post-2015 development agenda. Lancet. 2013;381(9866):566\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"3295_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001453","volume":"4","author":"K Saif-Ur-Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saif-Ur-Rahman K, et al. Primary healthcare policy and governance in low-income and middle-income countries: an evidence gap map. BMJ global health. 2019;4(Suppl 8):e001453.","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"key":"3295_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"CL Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung CL, et al. Human-centered design as a guide to intervention planning for non-communicable diseases: the BIGPIC study from Western Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3295_CR29","first-page":"182","volume":"9","author":"A Binagwaho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Binagwaho A, et al. Implementation research: an efficient and effective tool to accelerate universal health coverage. Int J health policy Manage. 2020;9(5):182.","journal-title":"Int J health policy Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02179-3","volume":"23","author":"D Fierheller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fierheller D, et al. Using community-based participatory research methods to build the foundation for an equitable integrated health data system within a Canadian urban context. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1):131.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3295_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2020.99","volume":"10","author":"F Lloyd-Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lloyd-Williams F, et al. The QUEST for effective and equitable policies to prevent non-communicable diseases: co-production lessons from stakeholder workshops. Int J Health Policy Manage. 2020;10(10):638.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manage"},{"issue":"10","key":"3295_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00118-9","volume":"12","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, et al. Delivering non-communicable disease services through primary health care in selected south Asian countries: are health systems prepared? Lancet Global Health. 2024;12(10):e1706\u201319.","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"3295_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4341-5","volume":"19","author":"P Makaula","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makaula P, et al. Strengthening primary health care at district-level in Malawi-determining the coverage, costs and benefits of community-directed interventions. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00214-1","volume":"3","author":"F Cornish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cornish F, et al. Participatory action research. Nat Reviews Methods Primers. 2023;3(1):34.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Methods Primers"},{"key":"3295_CR35","unstructured":"OGWENGO, K. O. (2024). STRATEGIC INITIATIVES ON UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE PROGRAM\u2019S PERFORMANCE IN KENYA (Doctoral dissertation, Kabarak University)."},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-13390-5","volume":"25","author":"OJ Ouma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ouma OJ, et al. Assessing the capacity of primary healthcare facilities and healthcare workers in managing diabetes and hypertension in Kisumu county, Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res. 2025;25(1):1221.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3295_CR37","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) . Integration of NCD care in emergency response and preparedness."},{"key":"3295_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Orgnization (2010) . WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care."},{"issue":"3","key":"3295_CR39","first-page":"56","volume":"7","author":"EH Wagner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wagner EH, et al. A survey of leading chronic disease management programs: are they consistent with the literature? Manag Care Q. 1999;7(3):56\u201366.","journal-title":"Manag Care Q"},{"key":"3295_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09816.x","volume":"68","author":"JE Epping-Jordan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Epping-Jordan JE. Integrated approaches to prevention and control of chronic conditions. Kidney Int. 2005;68:S86\u20138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"3295_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-575","volume":"14","author":"T Oni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oni T, et al. Chronic diseases and multi-morbidity-a conceptual modification to the WHO ICCC model for countries in health transition. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3295_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeney, S., McKenna, H. P., & Hasson, F. (2010). The Delphi technique in nursing and health research. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444392029"},{"key":"3295_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0209-1","volume":"10","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Powell BJ, et al. A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implement Sci. 2015;10:p1\u201314.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3295_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.271239","volume":"98","author":"A Tesema","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tesema A, et al. Addressing barriers to primary health-care services for noncommunicable diseases in the African Region. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(12):906.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"3295_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007334","volume":"7","author":"P Harris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harris P, et al. Strengthening the primary care workforce to deliver high-quality care for non-communicable diseases in refugee settings: lessons learnt from a UNHCR partnership. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(Suppl 5):e007334.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3085-y","volume":"18","author":"E Maimela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maimela E, et al. Interventions for improving management of chronic non-communicable diseases in Dikgale, a rural area in Limpopo Province, South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3295_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e055658","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055658","volume":"12","author":"IG Okpechi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okpechi IG, et al. Global ehealth capacity: secondary analysis of WHO data on ehealth and implications for kidney care delivery in low-resource settings. BMJ open. 2022;12(3):e055658.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"3295_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider H, Langlois \u00c9V, McKenzie A (2020). Measures to strengthen primary health-care systems in low-and middle-income countries.","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.252742"},{"key":"3295_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015245","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1015245","volume":"10","author":"A Kabir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kabir A, Karim MN, Billah B. Health system challenges and opportunities in organizing non-communicable diseases services delivery at primary healthcare level in Bangladesh: a qualitative study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1015245.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3295_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3426-x","volume":"18","author":"HE Rogers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers HE, et al. Capacity of Ugandan public sector health facilities to prevent and control non-communicable diseases: an assessment based upon WHO-PEN standards. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3295_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2010-066","volume":"22","author":"A Parker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parker A, et al. Health practitioners\u2019 state of knowledge and challenges to effective management of hypertension at primary level: cardiovascular topics. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2011;22(4):186\u201390.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3295_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.221424","volume":"97","author":"NM Tapela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tapela NM, et al. Integrating noncommunicable disease services into primary health care, Botswana. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(2):142.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"10","key":"3295_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1956","volume":"10","author":"J Tuobenyiere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuobenyiere J, Mensah GP, Korsah KA. Patient perspective on barriers in type 2 diabetes self-management: A qualitative study. Nurs Open. 2023;10(10):7003\u201313.","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"3295_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4316-6","volume":"19","author":"J Adinan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adinan J, et al. Preparedness of health facilities in managing hypertension & diabetes mellitus in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a cross sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3295_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009025","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009025","volume":"7","author":"AG Tesema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tesema AG, et al. Exploring complementary and competitive relations between non-communicable disease services and other health extension programme services in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(6):e009025.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"3295_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008115","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-008115","volume":"7","author":"S Witter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Witter S, Sheikh K, Schleiff M. Learning health systems in low-income and middle-income countries: exploring evidence and expert insights. BMJ Global Health. 2022;7(Suppl 7):e008115.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3295_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06320-8","volume":"21","author":"IA Orji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orji IA, et al. Capacity and site readiness for hypertension control program implementation in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):322.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"10384","key":"3295_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00001-6","volume":"401","author":"E Gregg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gregg E, et al. Improving health outcomes of people with diabetes mellitus: global target setting to reduce the burden of diabetes mellitus by 2030. Lancet (London England). 2023;401(10384):p1302.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3295_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013961","volume":"9","author":"W Tieosapjaroen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tieosapjaroen W, et al. Designathons in health research: a global systematic review. BMJ Global Health. 2024;9(3):e013961.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:02:32Z","timestamp":1778770952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-026-03295-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6077243\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2731-4553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Research Committee (ERC) of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Kenya (ERC approval number: ERC 43\/5\/24\u2009\u2212\u200906; NACOSTI license number: NACOSTI\/P\/23\/25192). Permissions to conduct the study were granted by the Kisumu County and Sub-County Health Management Teams. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Confidentiality and anonymity of participants were strictly maintained throughout the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"192"}}