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Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The working fields of general practitioners (GPs) and occupational health physicians (OHPs) overlap manifoldly. Yet, cooperation between both groups is often scarce as has been revealed by studies from several countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, GPs dealt with many work-related counselling topics. We conducted a trend study surveying German GPs and OHPs in 2014\/2015 (GPOP-0 study) and 2023\/2024 (GPOP-Trend) to analyse trends regarding a potential change of attitudes towards interdisciplinary cooperation over time, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The trend study used repeated cross-sectional surveys and an identical questionnaire for GPs and OHPs, which was sent by postal mail to both groups. The questionnaire covered topics regarding cooperation and attitudes towards both professional groups, as well as questions to assess the perceived quality of cooperation with regard to counselling purposes specific for the COVID-19 pandemic (only in GPOP-Trend). The statistical analysis followed a prior published analysis plan, and comprised an exploratory factor analysis, Mann-Whitney U tests, and regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 1,000 physicians took part in both surveys (GPOP-0: 585 GPs and 473 OHPs, response rate 35%; GPOP-Trend: 482 GPs and 532 OHPs, response rate: 30%). We identified hardly any cooperation between these two groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. In cases where cooperation took place, it was rated more positively by OHPs than by GPs in retrospect. Comparing the total survey data of both time points revealed that attitudes among GPs and OHPs changed only little over time. The strongest predictor for the attitudes surveyed was the variable \u201cprofessional group\u201d in all regression models. This predictor was also the most relevant, when investigating the influence of different variables during the COVID-19 pandemic on attitudes towards cooperation of GPs and OHPs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socialization within a professional group seems to be the determining factor, and therefore attitudes remain stable as described by Social Identity Theory. We assume that interventions that focus solely on strengthening cooperation between GPs and OHPs therefore have only a very limited effect. We therefore suggest another approach with interventions targeting primarily on patient outcomes and the design of clear interfaces or clinical pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-026-03463-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:43:04Z","timestamp":1783550584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Even the COVID-19 pandemic didn\u00b4t change anything: insights from a trend study on the cooperation of general practitioners and occupational health physicians in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika A.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-1753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2232-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Michaelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5810-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Joos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-5064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Wilm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3463_CR1","unstructured":"Sachverst\u00e4ndigenrat G, Pflege. 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The follow-up survey in 2023 and 2024 was additionally approved by the Ethics\u2019 Committee of medical faculty and university hospital of the University of T\u00fcbingen under a new project number (Project-No.: 534\/2023BO2). The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards, as well as all data protection requirements according to the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (GDPR) and the respective German regulation. 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