{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:17:47Z","timestamp":1793578667123,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCI CA164973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI CA164973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]],"date-time":"2017-12-08T12:00:24Z","timestamp":1512734424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Sex and ethnic\/racial-specific risk factors for gallbladder disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Haiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Buxbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Tambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Cozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Le Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Wendy","family":"Setiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.02.003","volume":"39","author":"LM Stinton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stinton LM, Myers RP, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2010;39(2):157\u201369. vii","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-2-199","volume":"99","author":"DF Ransohoff","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ransohoff DF, Gracie WA, Wolfenson LB, Neuhauser D. Prophylactic cholecystectomy or expectant management for silent gallstones. A decision analysis to assess survival. Ann Intern Medi. 1983;99(2):199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Medi"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004","volume":"20","author":"EA Shaffer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981\u201396.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70266-5","volume":"115","author":"JF Miquel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Miquel JF, Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, Mingrone G, Greco AV, Puglielli L, Carvallo P, Marshall G, Del Pino G, Nervi F. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Gastroenterol. 1998;115(4):937\u201346.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91575-8","volume":"96","author":"KR Maurer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP. Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States. Gastroenterol. 1989;96(2 Pt 1):487\u201392.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20654","volume":"41","author":"D Katsika","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsika D, Grjibovski A, Einarsson C, Lammert F, Lichtenstein P, Marschall HU. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatol. 2005;41(5):1138\u201343.","journal-title":"Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719360","volume":"23","author":"A Cuevas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuevas A, Miquel JF, Reyes MS, Zanlungo S, Nervi F. Diet as a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(3):187\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR8","first-page":"139","volume":"6","author":"CJ Moerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Moerman CJ, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Smeets FW, Runia S. lifestyle factors including diet and cancer of the gallbladder and bile duct: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6(2):139\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200208000-00008","volume":"11","author":"M Pandey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pandey M, Shukla VK. Diet and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002;11(4):365\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.036","volume":"376","author":"N Mendez-Sanchez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mendez-Sanchez N, Zamora-Valdes D, Chavez-Tapia NC, Uribe M. Role of diet in cholesterol gallstone formation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;376(1\u20132):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29005","volume":"34","author":"CE Ruhl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Relationship of serum leptin concentration and other measures of adiposity with gallbladder disease. Hepatology. 2001;34(5):877\u201383.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8836","key":"678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92479-D","volume":"341","author":"KW Heaton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Heaton KW, Emmett PM, Symes CL, Braddon FE. An explanation for gallstones in normal-weight women: slow intestinal transit. Lancet. 1993;341(8836):8\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2008.12.002","volume":"19","author":"L Hou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hou L, Shu XO, Gao YT, Ji BT, Weiss JM, Yang G, Li HL, Blair A, Zheng W, Chow WH. Anthropometric measurements, physical activity, and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in Chinese women. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(5):344\u201350.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR14","first-page":"543","volume":"28","author":"C Gonzalez Villalpando","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gonzalez Villalpando C, Rivera Martinez D, Arredondo Perez B, Martinez Diaz S, Gonzalez Villalpando ME, Haffner SM, Stern MP. High prevalence of cholelithiasis in a low income Mexican population: an ultrasonographic survey. Arch Med Res. 1997;28(4):543\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509093293","volume":"30","author":"S Kono","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kono S, Shinchi K, Todoroki I, Honjo S, Sakurai Y, Wakabayashi K, Imanishi K, Nishikawa H, Ogawa S, Katsurada M. Gallstone disease among Japanese men in relation to obesity, glucose intolerance, exercise, alcohol use, and smoking. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30(4):372\u20136.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411101","volume":"341","author":"MF Leitzmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. Recreational physical activity and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(11):777\u201384.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03884.x","volume":"96","author":"CZ Chuang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chuang CZ, Martin LF, LeGardeur BY, Lopez A. Physical activity, biliary lipids, and gallstones in obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(6):1860\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2005.04.002","volume":"41","author":"KL Storti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Storti KL, Brach JS, FitzGerald SJ, Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Kriska AM. Physical activity and decreased risk of clinical gallstone disease among post-menopausal women. Prev Med. 2005;41(3\u20134):772\u20137.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145375","volume":"8","author":"L Basso","year":"1992","unstructured":"Basso L, McCollum PT, Darling MR, Tocchi A, Tanner WA. A descriptive study of pregnant women with gallstones. Relation to dietary and social habits, education, physical activity, height, and weight. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992;8(5):629\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529009095495","volume":"25","author":"T Jorgensen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jorgensen T, Kay L, Schultz-Larsen K. The epidemiology of gallstones in a 70-year-old Danish population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990;25(4):335\u201340.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296440","volume":"37","author":"I Kato","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kato I, Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH. Prospective study of clinical gallbladder disease and its association with obesity, physical activity, and other factors. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37(5):784\u201390.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/136.7.787","volume":"136","author":"S Kono","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, Yanai F, Imanishi K. Prevalence of gallstone disease in relation to smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and glucose tolerance: a study of self-defense officials in Japan. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(7):787\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000064938","volume":"65","author":"S Kono","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kono S, Eguchi H, Honjo S, Todoroki I, Oda T, Shinchi K, Ogawa S, Nakagawa K. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and gallstone risk in Japanese men. Digestion. 2002;65(3):177\u201383.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350200066","volume":"37","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okamoto M, Yamagata Z, Takeda Y, Yoda Y, Kobayashi K, Fujino MA. The relationship between gallbladder disease and smoking and drinking habits in middle-aged Japanese. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(6):455\u201362.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1.107","volume":"35","author":"FE Murray","year":"1994","unstructured":"Murray FE, Logan RF, Hannaford PC, Kay CR. Cigarette smoking and parity as risk factors for the development of symptomatic gall bladder disease in women: results of the Royal College of general Practitioners\u2019 oral contraception study. Gut. 1994;35(1):107\u201311.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270605","volume":"27","author":"AF Attili","year":"1998","unstructured":"Attili AF, Scafato E, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Festi D. Diet and gallstones in Italy: the cross-sectional MICOL results. Hepatology. 1998;27(6):1492\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-005-0051-8","volume":"7","author":"EA Shaffer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shaffer EA. Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century? Current Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7(2):132\u201340.","journal-title":"Current Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.8.1113","volume":"83","author":"C Thijs","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thijs C, Knipschild P. Oral contraceptives and the risk of gallbladder disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(8):1113\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.7.605","volume":"280","author":"S Hulley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and estrogen\/progestin replacement study (HERS) research group. JAMA. 1998;280(7):605\u201313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.3.330","volume":"293","author":"DJ Cirillo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cirillo DJ, Wallace RB, Rodabough RJ, Greenland P, LaCroix AZ, Limacher MC, Larson JC. Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease. JAMA. 2005;293(3):330\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-2-199307150-00004","volume":"119","author":"A Maringhini","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, Raimondo M, Orlando A, Tine F, Grasso R, Randazzo MA, Barresi L, Gullo D, et al. Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119(2):116\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"V Valdivieso","year":"1993","unstructured":"Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F. Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium. Hepatology. 1993;17(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010213","volume":"151","author":"LN Kolonel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Hankin JH, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Pike MC, Stram DO, Monroe KR, Earle ME, Nagamine FS. A multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: baseline characteristics. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(4):346\u201357.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Setiawan VW, Virnig BA, Porcel J, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR. Linking data from the multiethnic cohort study to Medicare data: linkage results and application to chronic disease research. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv055"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70456-7","volume":"117","author":"JE Everhart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterol. 1999;117(3):632\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR36","first-page":"433","volume":"27","author":"N Mendez-Sanchez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mendez-Sanchez N, Cardenas-Vazquez R, Ponciano-Rodriguez G, Uribe M. Pathophysiology of cholesterol gallstone disease. Arch Med Res. 1996;27(4):433\u201341.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00334-5","volume":"2","author":"KW Heaton","year":"1973","unstructured":"Heaton KW. The epidemiology of gallstones and suggested aetiology. Clin Gastroenterol. 1973;2(1):67\u201383.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(70)80052-6","volume":"120","author":"F Nakayama","year":"1970","unstructured":"Nakayama F, Miyake H. Changing state of gallstone disease in Japan. Composition of the stones and treatment of the condition. Am J Surg. 1970;120(6):794\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.02.040","volume":"119","author":"CJ Tsai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women. The Am J Med. 2006;119(9):760\u20137.","journal-title":"The Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000276","volume":"3","author":"M Tseng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tseng M, DeVellis RF, Maurer KR, Khare M, Kohlmeier L, Everhart JE, Sandler RS. Food intake patterns and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans. Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(2):233\u201343.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.3.652","volume":"55","author":"MJ Stampfer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(3):652\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00001","volume":"128","author":"MF Leitzmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Wing AL, Willett WC. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(6):417\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210902","volume":"321","author":"KM Maclure","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(9):563\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(66)90132-9","volume":"19","author":"GD Friedman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Friedman GD, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: observations in the Framingham study. J Chron Dis. 1966;19(3):273\u201392.","journal-title":"J Chron Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR45","first-page":"533","volume":"5","author":"C La Vecchia","year":"1994","unstructured":"La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Ferraroni M, Negri E. Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey. Epidemiology. 1994;5(5):533\u20136.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.12.070192.001503","volume":"12","author":"KC Hayes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hayes KC, Livingston A, Trautwein EA. Dietary impact on biliary lipids and gallstones. Ann Rev Nutr. 1992;12:299\u2013326.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114728","volume":"126","author":"T Jorgensen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jorgensen T. Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126(5):912\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.4.433","volume":"29","author":"T Jorgensen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jorgensen T. Gall stones in a Danish population: fertility period, pregnancies, and exogenous female sex hormones. Gut. 1988;29(4):433\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20534","volume":"41","author":"CW Ko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, Matsumoto AM, Lee SP. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. Hepatology. 2005;41(2):359\u201365.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.10.007","volume":"6","author":"CW Ko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ko CW, Beresford SA, Schulte SJ, Lee SP. Insulin resistance and incident gallbladder disease in pregnancy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90626-9","volume":"94","author":"SP Lee","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lee SP, Maher K, Nicholls JF. Origin and fate of biliary sludge. Gastroenterol. 1988;94(1):170\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:22:08Z","timestamp":1660098128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-017-0678-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Boards at the University of Hawaii and at the University of Southern California approved the study protocol. Participation was voluntary; receipt of a completed questionnaire in the mail was evidence of a desire to participate in the MEC and was taken as a formal indication of consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors disclose that there are no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"153"}}