{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:27:11Z","timestamp":1770283631662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["NO.:20170540239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.:20170540239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T01:52:19Z","timestamp":1541037139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Metabolic status and lifestyle factors associated with gallbladder polyps: a covariance structure analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Leng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"882_CR1","first-page":"2066","volume":"92","author":"CY Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen CY, Lu CL, Chang FY, Lee SD. Risk factors for gallbladder polyps in the Chinese population. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:2066\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2003.11.043","volume":"188","author":"KF Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee KF, Wong J, Li JC, Lai PB. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Am J Surg. 2004;188:186\u201390. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2003.11.043\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1247","volume":"29","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Park KS, Cho KB, Kim ES, Jang BK, Chung WJ, Hwang JS. Shifting prevalence of gallbladder polyps in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:1247\u201352. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1247\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i27.4393","volume":"19","author":"YS Mao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mao YS, Mai YF, Li FJ, Zhang YM, Hu KM, Hong ZL, Zhu ZW. Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polypoid lesions in Chinese petrochemical employees. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:4393\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v19.i27.4393\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.01.036","volume":"35","author":"AQ Aldouri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aldouri AQ, Malik HZ, Waytt J, Khan S, Ranganathan K, Kummaraganti S, Hamilton W, Dexter S, Menon K, Lodge JP, Prasad KR, Toogood GJ. The risk of gallbladder cancer from polyps in a large multiethnic series. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35:48\u201351. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.01.036\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2008.2.2.88","volume":"2","author":"JK Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park JK, Yoon YB, Kim YT, Ryu JK, Yoon WJ, Lee SH, Yu SJ, Kang HY, Lee JY, Park MJ. Management strategies for gallbladder polyps: is it possible to predict malignant gallbladder polyps? Gut Liver. 2008;2:88\u201394. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl.2008.2.2.88\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"9","key":"882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4742-y","volume":"27","author":"R Wiles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiles R, Thoeni RF, Barbu ST, Vashist YK, Rafaelsen SR, Dewhurst C, Arvanitakis M, Lahaye M, Soltes M, Perinel J, Roberts SA. Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps : Joint guidelines between the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR), European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and other Interventional Techniques (EAES), International Society of Digestive Surgery - European Federation (EFISDS) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). Eur Radiol. 2017;27(9):3856\u201366. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4742-y\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2012.00457.x","volume":"14","author":"Q Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu Q, Tao LY, Wu Q, Gao F, Zhang FL, Yuan L, He XD. Prevalences of and risk factors for biliary stones and gallbladder polyps in a large Chinese population. HPB (Oxford). 2012;14:373\u201381. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2012.00457.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"key":"882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05071.x","volume":"23","author":"WR Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin WR, Lin DY, Tai DI, Hsieh SY, Lin CY, Sheen IS, Chiu CT. Prevalence of and risk factors for gallbladder polyps detected by ultrasonography among healthy Chinese: analysis of 34 669 cases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:965\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05071.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2010.00255.x","volume":"13","author":"S Unisa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Unisa S, Jagannath P, Dhir V, Khandelwal C, Sarangi L, Roy TK. Population-based study to estimate prevalence and determine risk factors of gallbladder diseases in the rural Gangetic basin of North India. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:117\u201325. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2010.00255.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"},{"key":"882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2007.1.2.138","volume":"1","author":"SH Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim SH, Kim DH, Park MJ, Kim YS, Kim CH, Yim JY, Cho KR, Kim SS, Choi SH, Kim N, Cho SH, Oh BH. Is metabolic syndrome one of the risk factors for gallbladder polyps found by ultrasonography during health screening? Gut Liver. 2007;1:138\u201344. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl.2007.1.2.138\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.6.876","volume":"28","author":"EJ Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park EJ, Lee HS, Lee SH, Chun HJ, Kim SY, Choi YK, Ryu HJ, Shim KW. Association between metabolic syndrome and gallbladder polyps in healthy Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:876\u201380. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.6.876\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"882_CR13","first-page":"1226","volume":"25","author":"GA Khairy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khairy GA, Guraya SY, Murshid KR. Cholesterolosis. Incidence, correlation with serum cholesterol level and the role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:1226\u20138.","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"882_CR14","first-page":"27","volume":"78","author":"RA Ivanchenkova","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ivanchenkova RA, Sviridov AV, Ozerova IN, Perova NV, Grachev SV. High-density lipoproteins in cholesterosis of the gall bladder. Klin Med (Mosk). 2000;78:27\u201331.","journal-title":"Klin Med (Mosk)"},{"key":"882_CR15","first-page":"24","volume":"146","author":"A Zak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zak A, Zeman M, Hrubant K, Vecka M, Tvrzicka E. Effect of hypolipidemic treatment on the composition of bile and the risk or cholesterol gallstone disease. Cas Lek Cesk. 2007;146:24\u201334.","journal-title":"Cas Lek Cesk"},{"key":"882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.3015","volume":"18","author":"HL Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang HL, Kong L, Hou LL, Shen HF, Wang Y, Gu XG, Qin JM, Yin PH, Li Q. Analysis of risk factors for polypoid lesions of gallbladder among health examinees. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:3015\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.3015\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-14-120","volume":"14","author":"R Goodloe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goodloe R, Brown-Gentry K, Gillani NB, Jin H, Mayo P, Allen M, McClellan BJ, Boston J, Sutcliffe C, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Dilks HH, Crawford DC. Lipid trait-associated genetic variation is associated with gallstone disease in the diverse third National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). BMC Med Genet. 2013;14:120. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2350-14-120\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"882_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6599.619","volume":"295","author":"MR Jacyna","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jacyna MR, Bouchier IA. Cholesterolosis: A physical cause of \"functional\" disorder. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295:619\u201320.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"882_CR19","first-page":"217","volume":"49","author":"L Sandri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sandri L, Colecchia A, Larocca A, Vestito A, Capodicasa S, Azzaroli F, Mazzella G, Mwangemi C, Roda E, Festi D. Gallbladder cholesterol polyps and cholesterolosis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2003;49:217\u201324.","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol."},{"key":"882_CR20","first-page":"630","volume":"87","author":"K Segawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Segawa K, Arisawa T, Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Tsukamoto Y, Goto H, Hamajima E, Shimodaira M, Ohmiya N. Prevalence of gallbladder polyps among apparently healthy Japanese: ultrasonographic study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:630\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR21","first-page":"336","volume":"84","author":"Z Canturk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Canturk Z, Senturk O, Canturk NZ, Anik YA. Prevalence and risk factors for gall bladder polyps. East Afr Med J. 2007;84:336\u201341.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl14506","volume":"10","author":"JK Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JK, Hahn SJ, Kang HW, Jung JG, Choi HS, Lee JH, Han IW, Jung JH, Kwon JH. Visceral obesity is associated with gallbladder polyps. Gut Liver. 2016;10:133\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5009\/gnl14506\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12841","volume":"30","author":"SH Lim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim SH, Kim D, Kang JH, Song JH, Yang SY, Yim JY, Chung SJ, Kim JS, Cho SH. Hepatic fat, not visceral fat, is associated with gallbladder polyps: a study of 2643 healthy subjects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30:767\u201374. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12841\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"882_CR24","first-page":"344","volume":"48","author":"SY Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim SY, Lee HS, Lee YS, Chung KW, Jang BK, Chung WJ, Park KS, Cho KB, Hwang JS. Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyp in adults living in Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2006;48:344\u201350.","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000231","volume":"26","author":"K Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue K, Li FF, Chen YW, Zhou YH, He J. Body mass index and the risk of cancer in women compared with men: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2017;26:94\u2013105. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000231\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02915.x","volume":"23","author":"BJ John","year":"2006","unstructured":"John BJ, Irukulla S, Abulafi AM, Kumar D, Mendall MA. Systematic review: adipose tissue, obesity and gastrointestinal diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1511\u201323. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02915.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350200066","volume":"37","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okamoto M, Yamagata Z, Takeda Y, Yoda Y, Kobayashi K, Fujino MA. The relationship between gallbladder disease and smoking and drinking habits in middle-aged Japanese. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:455\u201362. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005350200066\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409090429","volume":"29","author":"K Shinchi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shinchi K, Kono S, Honjo S, Imanishi K, Hirohata T. Epidemiology of gallbladder polyps: an ultrasonographic study of male self-defense officials in Japan. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1994;29:7\u201310.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198806000-00001","volume":"207","author":"WH Schwesinger","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schwesinger WH, Kurtin WE, Johnson R. Alcohol protects against cholesterol gallstone formation. Ann Surg. 1988;207:641\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Fruhbeck G, De Angelis M, De Bari O, Q-H WD, Lammert F, Portincasa P. The role of diet in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Curr Med Chem. 2017. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867324666170530080636\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170530080636"},{"key":"882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2015.66.5.268","volume":"66","author":"HB Jo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jo HB, Lee JK, Choi MY, Han IW, Choi HS, Kang HW, Kim JH, Lim YJ, Koh MS, Lee JH. Is the prevalence of gallbladder polyp different between vegetarians and general population? Korean J Gastroenterol. 2015;66:268\u201373. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4166\/kjg.2015.66.5.268\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T09:35:17Z","timestamp":1572600917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-018-0882-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Research Board of The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University (No.IRB29). Written consent was obtained from the participants before the study began.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"159"}}