{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1780596876736,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malnutrition is a common problem among children with chronic liver diseases (CLD). We aimed to assess the nutritional status of children with CLD and to correlate the anthropometric indices with the severity of liver disease, liver function tests, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25- OH D).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 69 patients with CLD and 50 healthy controls (6\u2009months \u2212\u20096\u2009years) were included in the study. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric indices expressed in standard deviation score (Z score), biochemical, hematological and clinical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found 52.2% of CLD patients underweight by weight for age (W\/A); 50.2% were stunted by height for age\/ length for age (HAZ or LAZ); and 39% exhibited wasting by weight\/height or (length) for age (W\/HZ or W\/LZ) z scores analysis. The mean values of z scores for all anthropometric parameters were significantly correlated with unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin and INR (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>), except HAZ or LAZ. Also, a significant correlation to albumin was found, except for W\/HZ or (W\/LZ) (<jats:italic>p\u2009=\u20090.157<\/jats:italic>). The z scores &lt; \u2212\u20092 SD based on W\/ H versus arm indicators showed significant differences in MUAC, UAA and AMA (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001<\/jats:italic>). We found no correlation between anthropometric z-scores and the mean IGF-1 and (25- OH D) values (<jats:italic>p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>). Malnutrition was directly correlated with the severity of hepatic dysfunction, particularly, Child-Pugh C cases. The mean IGF-1 and (25- OH D) values were significantly correlated with the severity of liver disease (<jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results identified anthropometric arm indicators and MUAC\/A measurements as an effective applied methods for assessing nutritional status in CLD children. Moreover<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> Integrating comprehensive clinical assessment, anthropometric measurements and objective biochemical analyses is essential for evaluation, follow-up and management of CLD children with variable degree of malnutrition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T13:02:42Z","timestamp":1576933362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Anthropometric, biochemical and clinical assessment of malnutrition among Egyptian children with chronic liver diseases: a single institutional cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nehal","family":"El Koofy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Mohamed Ibraheim","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Anwar","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany Fathy Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Mohamed","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moushira Errfan","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rokaya Mohamed","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1145_CR1","first-page":"687","volume":"8","author":"HM Patton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patton HM. Nutritional assessment of patients with chronic liver disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2012;8(10):687\u201390 PMID: 24683378 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC3969013.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032014000100003","volume":"51","author":"P Gz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gz P, Oliveira K, Soldera J, et al. Biochemical nutritional profile of liver cirrhosis patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Arq Gastroenterolo. 2014 Mar;51(1):10\u20135.","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterolo"},{"issue":"2","key":"1145_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajim.20160402.11","volume":"4","author":"HM Amin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amin HM, Abdel Samie RM, Hamed FS, et al. Assessment of Nutritional Status of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C and HCV-Related Cirrhosis in the Compensated Stage. J Intern Med. 2016;4(2):24\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajim.20160402.11.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1145_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3180f60b9e","volume":"45","author":"EF Hurtado-L\u00f3pez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurtado-L\u00f3pez EF, Larrosa-Haro A, V\u00e1squez-Garibay EM, Mac\u00edas-Rosales R, Troyo-Sanrom\u00e1n R, Boj\u00f3rquez-Ramos MC. Liver function test results predict nutritional status evaluated by arm anthropometric indicators. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45(4):451\u20137 PMID:18030212.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1145_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201700000-28","volume":"54","author":"G Nunes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nunes G, Santos CA, Barosa R, Fonseca C, Barata AT, Fonseca J. Outcome and nutritional assessment of chronic liver disease patients using anthropometry and subjective global assessment. Arq Gastroenterol. 2017;54(3):225\u201331.","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1145_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2012(12)07","volume":"67","author":"P Zamberlan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zamberlan P, Leone C, Tannuri U, Carvalho WB, Delgado AF. Nutritional risk and anthropometric evaluation in pediatric liver transplantation. Clinics. 2012 Dec;67(12):1387\u201392.","journal-title":"Clinics."},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010009","volume":"10","author":"Claudia Mandato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mandato C, Di Nuzzi A, Vajro P. Nutrition and Liver Disease. Nutrients. 2017;10(1). pii: E9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10010009.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"1145_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0443","volume":"3","author":"AS Henkel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henkel AS, Buchman AL. Nutritional support in patients with chronic liver disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Apr 1;3(4):202\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","volume":"70","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2019","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;70(1):172\u201393.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9615","key":"1145_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","volume":"371","author":"D Schuppan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9615):838\u201351. [PMID: 18328931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1145_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817","volume":"60","author":"RN Pugh","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J of Sur. 1973;60(8):646\u20139. [PMID: 4541913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800600817.","journal-title":"Br J of Sur"},{"key":"1145_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: methods and development: length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2006."},{"key":"1145_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization, World Health Organization. Nutrition for Health. WHO child growth standards: head circumference-for-age, arm circumference-for-age, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age: methods and development. World Health Organization; 2007."},{"key":"1145_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisancho AR. Anthropometric standards for the assessment of growth and nutritional status: University of Michigan Press; 1990.","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.12198"},{"key":"1145_CR15","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHAMES) Anthropometry Procedures Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/ nhanes\/nhanes_07_08\/manual_an.pdf (accessed on 7\/03\/2015)."},{"issue":"6","key":"1145_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.53.6.905","volume":"53","author":"DB Jelliffe","year":"1963","unstructured":"Jelliffe DB. The incidence of protein-calorie malnutrition of early childhood. Am J Public Health. 1963;53(6):905\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1145_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.9.912","volume":"26","author":"JM Gurney","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gurney JM, Jelliffe DB. Arm anthropometry in nutritional assessment: monogram for rapid calculation of muscle circumference and cross-sectional muscle and fat areas. Am J Clin Nutr. 1973;26(9):912\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1145_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.3.256","volume":"63","author":"L Sann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sann L, Durand M, Picard J, Lasne Y, Bethenod M. Arm fat and muscle areas in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63(3):256\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"1145_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.3.529","volume":"39","author":"BW Hollis","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hollis BW, Kamerud JQ, Selvaag SR, Lorenz JD, Napoli JL. Determination of vitamin D status by radioimmunoassay with an 125I-labeled tracer. Clin Chem. 1993;39(3):529\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1145_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200211000-00007","volume":"35","author":"C Matos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matos C, Porayko MK, Francisco-Ziller N, DiCecco S. Nutrition and chronic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;35:391\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-27","volume":"9","author":"ML Tai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tai ML, Goh KL, Mohd-Taib SH, Rampal S, Mahadeva S. Anthropometric, biochemical and clinical assessment of malnutrition in Malaysian patients with advanced cirrhosis. Nutr J. 2010;9(1):1.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02722636","volume":"69","author":"A Bavdekar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bavdekar A, Bhave S, Pandit A. Nutrition management in chronic liver disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2002;69(5):427\u201331 PMID:12061678.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21697","volume":"51","author":"Trijn Isra\u00ebls","year":"2008","unstructured":"Israe\u00a8ls T, Chirambo C, Caron HN, Molyneux EM. Nutritional status at admission of children with cancer in Malawi. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51(5):626\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.21697","journal-title":"Pediatric Blood & Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"1145_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJnew.7783","volume":"105","author":"ED Nel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nel ED, Terblanche AJ. Nutritional support of children with chronic liver disease. SAMJ. 2015;105(7):607.","journal-title":"SAMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1145_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2015.07.006","volume":"92","author":"FV Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva FV, Ferri PM, Queiroz TC, et al. Nutritional evaluation of children with chronic cholestatic disease. J Pediatr. 2016;92(2):197\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1145_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1089\/10872910260196404","volume":"16","author":"C Wanke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wanke C, Polsky B, Kotler D. Guidelines for using body composition measurement in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2002;16(8):375\u201388.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0232-3","volume":"15","author":"MT Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez MT, del Carmen P-VM, L\u00f3pez-Calvi\u00f1o B, et al. Assessment of nutritional status and health-related quality of life before and after liver transplantation. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15(1):1.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1145_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.203","volume":"52","author":"RJ Sokol","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sokol RJ, Stall C. Anthropometric evaluation of children with chronic liver disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(2):203\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1145_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00521-4","volume":"17","author":"F Alberino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alberino F, Gatta A, Amodio P, et al. Nutrition and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition. 2001;17(6):445\u201350.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"29","key":"1145_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8927","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8927","volume":"21","author":"D Santetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santetti D, de Albuquerque Wilasco MI, Dornelles CT, et al. Serum proinflammatory cytokines and nutritional status in pediatric chronic liver disease. WJG. 2015;21(29):8927.","journal-title":"WJG."},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR31","first-page":"1615","volume":"28","author":"PM Vieira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vieira PM, De-Souza DA, Oliveira LC. Nutritional assessment in hepatic cirrhosis; clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and hematological parameters. Nutr Hosp. 2013;28(5):1615\u201321.","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607106030005453","volume":"30","author":"GL Jensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jensen GL. Inflammation as the key interface of the medical and nutrition universes: a provocative examination of the future of clinical nutrition and medicine. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(5):453\u201363. [PMID: 16931617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0148607106030005453.","journal-title":"J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"1145_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80105-1","volume":"111","author":"JJ Malatack","year":"1987","unstructured":"Malatack JJ, Schaid DJ, Urbach AH, et al. Choosing a pediatric recipient for orthotopic liver transplantation. J Pediatr. 1987;111:479\u201389.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1145_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200207270-00006","volume":"74","author":"SV McDiarmid","year":"2002","unstructured":"McDiarmid SV, Anand R, Lindblad AS. Development of a pediatric end-stage liver disease score to predict poor outcome in children awaiting liver transplantation1. Transplantation. 2002;74(2):173\u201381.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"1145_CR35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Liver disease in children","author":"EK Hsu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsu EK, Murray KF. Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure. In: Suchy F, editor. Liver disease in children. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014. p. 1\u201346.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"4","key":"1145_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2223\/1368","volume":"81","author":"RH Mattar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mattar RH, Azevedo RA, Speridi\u00e3o PG, Fagundes Neto U, Morais MB. Nutritional status and intestinal iron absorption in children with chronic hepatic disease with and without cholestasis. J Pediatr. 2005;81(4):317\u201324.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1145_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharadwaj S, Ginoya S, Tandon P, Gohel TD, Guirguis J, Vallabh H, Jevenn A, Hanouneh I. Malnutrition: laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment. Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;4(4):272-80.","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gow013"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2000.0124","volume":"19","author":"B Campillo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Campillo B, Paillaud E, Bories PN, Noel M, Porquet D, Le Parco JC. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the three months following surgery for a hip fracture in elderly: relationship with nutritional status and inflammatory reaction. Clin Nutr. 2000;19(5):349\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.5.962","volume":"50","author":"SP Donahue","year":"1989","unstructured":"Donahue SP, Phillips LS. Response of IGF-1 to nutritional support in malnourished hospital patients: a possible indicator of short-term changes in nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(5):962\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1145_CR40","first-page":"245","volume":"18","author":"O Colako","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colako O, Taskiran B, Colako G. Serum insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels in liver cirrhosis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2007;18(4):245\u20139.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1145_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i5.785","volume":"13","author":"KA Mahdy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahdy KA, Ahmed HH, Mannaa F, Abdel-Shaheed A. Clinical benefits of biochemical markers of bone turnover in Egyptian children with chronic liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(5):785.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1145_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00130478-200101000-00007","volume":"2","author":"HP Leite","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leite HP, Fisberg M, Vieira JG, De Carvalho WB, Chwals WJ. The role of insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone, and plasma proteins in surgical outcome of children with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2001;2(1):29\u201335.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1145_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200106000-00031","volume":"29","author":"J Balcells","year":"2001","unstructured":"Balcells J, Moreno A, Aud\u00ed L, Roqueta J, Iglesias J, Carrascosa A. Growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factors axis in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(6):1234\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1145_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199302000-00002","volume":"16","author":"TR Silveira","year":"1993","unstructured":"Silveira TR, Salzano FM, Donaldson PT, Mieli-Vergani G, Howard ER, Mowat AP. Association between HLA and extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;16:114\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1145_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1894","volume":"122","author":"M Misra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug 1;122(2):398\u201317.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1145_CR46","unstructured":"Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies Press; 2011."}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T00:17:55Z","timestamp":1608423475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-019-1145-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The protocols and verbal-only informed consent used in the study were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Pediatric Department, New Children Hospital, Cairo University. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of children following a detailed description of the purpose of the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"223"}}