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For the first time in Iran, we performed a cross-sectional study in order to determine the prevalence of five species of NHPGHs in patients presenting with dyspepsia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The participants were divided into <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-infected and NHPGH-infected groups, based on the rapid urease test, histological analysis of biopsies, and PCR assay of <jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ureB<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ureAB<\/jats:italic> genes. The study included 428 gastric biopsies form dyspeptic patients, who did not receive any treatment for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. The samples were collected and sent to the laboratory within two years. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> was identified in 368 samples, which were excluded from the study. Finally, a total of 60 non<jats:italic>-H. pylori<\/jats:italic> samples were studied for NHPGH species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall frequency of NHPGH species was 10 for <jats:italic>H. suis<\/jats:italic> (three duodenal ulcer, three gastritis, and four gastric ulcer samples), 10 for <jats:italic>H. felis<\/jats:italic> (one gastritis, three duodenal ulcer, and six gastric ulcer samples), 20 for <jats:italic>H. salomonis<\/jats:italic> (four duodenal ulcer, five gastritis, and 11 gastric ulcer samples), 13 for <jats:italic>H. heilmannii<\/jats:italic> (three gastritis, five duodenal ulcer, and five gastric ulcer samples), and 7 for <jats:italic>H. bizzozeronii<\/jats:italic> (zero gastric ulcer, two duodenal ulcer, and five gastritis samples).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Given our evidence about the possibility of involvement of NHPGHs in patients suffering from gastritis and nonexistence of mixed <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection, bacteriological testing of subjects negative for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> becomes clinically relevant and important. Our findings suggest <jats:italic>H. salomonis<\/jats:italic> has the highest rate among the NHPGH species in Iranian dyspeptic patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01331-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T13:03:45Z","timestamp":1592312625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence of non Helicobacter pylori gastric Helicobacters in Iranian dyspeptic patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shakiba","family":"Shafaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hami","family":"Kaboosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Peyravii Ghadikolaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.2.273","volume":"50","author":"J Fox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fox J. 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The participants signed the informed consent forms from each patient, and the Research Ethics Committee of Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University approved the study protocol.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"190"}}