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However, the characteristics of infection and its influence on prognosis in hepatitis B virus related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) as defined by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) have not been clarified. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of infection and its influence on mortality in patients with HBV-ACLF defined by EASL in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective cohort study in patients with HBV-ACLF defined by EASL in a single center from January 2015 to December 2017. These patients were divided into two groups with and without infection. The incidence, sites of infection, isolated strains, and risk factors associated with mortality were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 289 patients were included, among them 185 (64.0%) were diagnosed with an infection. The most common type of infection was pneumonia (55.7%), followed by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (47.6%) and others. The gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent (58.3%). Patients with one, two, and three or more infection sites had a gradually increasing incidence of sepsis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), septic shock (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and ACLF-3 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Also, patients with infection isolated one, two, and three or more strains showed a growing incidence of sepsis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and septic shock (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Patients with infection showed a significantly higher 28-day mortality than those without (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), especially in patients with ACLF-3. Infection was identified as an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality in all HBV-ACLF patients. Pneumonia and sepsis were identified as independent predictors of 28-day mortality for patients with infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infection is associated with severe clinical course and high mortality in HBV-ACLF defined by EASL. The increased number of infection sites or isolated strains was associated with the occurrence of sepsis and septic shock. Pneumonia and sepsis were independent predictors for mortality in HBV-ACLF patients with infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01473-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T11:04:28Z","timestamp":1601377468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Infection deteriorating hepatitis B virus related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xing-Ran","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jing","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Ying","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai-Bin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312670","volume":"66","author":"R Hernaez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hernaez R, Sola E, Moreau R, Gines P. 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