{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:28:26Z","timestamp":1787020106946,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaping, or e-cigarettes, heat nicotine and other chemicals to create a vapor that is inhaled. The practice has gained rapid popularity with 41 million people globally reporting regular or occasional use. Although tobacco smoking is well-known to increase esophageal acid exposure by augmenting the number of reflux events, the effects of vaping on the gastrointestinal tract have not yet been elucidated. Our objective is to report a case of severe esophagitis associated with vaping, which is the first in the literature to our knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 25-year-old male with a history of well-controlled gastro-esophageal reflux disease presented to the emergency room for evaluation of one week of severe odynophagia. He had been treated with a proton-pump inhibitor for several years with good effect. Approximately two months prior to presentation, he started vaping tetrahydrocannabinol and nicotine with recent heavy daily use. He denied any alcohol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. We performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy that revealed Los Angeles Grade C esophagitis (involving\u2009\u2265\u20091 mucosal breaks continuous between tops of\u2009\u2265\u20092 mucosal folds,\u2009&lt;\u200975% circumferential). Histopathological analysis of esophageal biopsies demonstrated granulation tissue with acute and chronic inflammation. Periodic acid-Schiff-diastase staining was negative and immunohistochemical stains for herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus were negative. There was no evidence of eosinophilic esophagitis. We treated him with intravenous PPI and analgesics until he was able to tolerate oral intake. He was counseled extensively on vaping cessation and reported complete resolution of symptoms after 2 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This patient\u2019s presentation illustrates a serious gastrointestinal consequence of vaping, the long-term consequences of which warrant additional studies. Like smoking, the mechanism of injury in vaping may be, at least in part, due to the effects of nicotine. As prevalence of vaping continues to rise, clinicians should be aware of this complication and carefully solicit a patient\u2019s vaping history as a simple denial of \u201csmoking\u201d can be misleading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T22:02:32Z","timestamp":1614895352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vaping-associated esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8859-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trisha Satya","family":"Pasricha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharati","family":"Kochar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1695_CR1","unstructured":"Jones L. Vaping: how popular are e-cigarettes? BBC News, BBC, 14 Sept. 2019, www.bbc.com\/news\/business-44295336."},{"issue":"8","key":"1695_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.02.016","volume":"132","author":"AD Osei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, Dzaye O, Uddin SMI, Benjamin EJ, Hall ME, DeFilippis AP, Stokes A, Bhatnagar A, Nasir K, Blaha MJ. Association between e-cigarette use and cardiovascular disease among never and current combustible-cigarette smokers. Am J Med. 2019;132(8):949-954.e2.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1695_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14101","volume":"37","author":"NS Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ali NS, Billings ML, Tollefson MM, Davis DMR, Hand JL. Oral erosions associated with surreptitious marijuana vaping in an adolescent boy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(2):347\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1695_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.049","volume":"142","author":"MB Cook","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cook MB, Shaheen NJ, Anderson LA, Giffen C, Chow WH, Vaughan TL, Whiteman DC, Corley DA. Cigarette smoking increases risk of Barrett\u2019s esophagus: an analysis of the Barrett\u2019s and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(4):744\u201353.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1695_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313589","volume":"67","author":"LH Eusebi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eusebi LH, Ratnakumaran R, Yuan Y, Solaymani-Dodaran M, Bazzoli F, Ford AC. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis. 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Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, on the triggering of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in dogs and humans. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;156(1):153\u201362.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1695_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.148791","volume":"57","author":"AA Izzo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Izzo AA, Camilleri M. Emerging role of cannabinoids in gastrointestinal and liver diseases: basic and clinical aspects. Gut. 2008;57(8):1140\u201355.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1695_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77196","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12857","volume":"7","author":"IK Sundar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sundar IK, Javed F, Romanos GE, Rahman I. E-cigarettes and flavorings induce inflammatory and pro-senescence responses in oral epithelial cells and periodontal fibroblasts. Oncotarget. 2016;7:77196\u2013204.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T22:04:48Z","timestamp":1614895488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-021-01695-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this Case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"106"}}