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Alcoholic fatty liver disease is an important phenotype among alcohol-related liver diseases. While metabolic syndrome is a dominant risk factor of incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the role of metabolic syndrome in alcoholic fatty liver disease has not been clarified yet.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was performed at a health check-up center in Japan. Subjects consisted of male participants without fatty liver who consumed ethanol of 420\u00a0g\/week or higher. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals at the baseline examinations for incident alcoholic fatty liver disease were estimated using Cox model.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 640 participants were included in this study. During 3.91\u00a0years (IQR 1.63\u20137.09) of follow-up, 168 new cases of alcoholic fatty liver disease developed (49.1 cases per 1000 persons per year). After adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, the hazard ratio for a 1\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> increase in body mass index was 1.2 (1.12\u20131.28). The hazard ratio of subjects with high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were 1.56 (1.12\u20132.18) and 1.52 (1.03\u20132.25), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Obesity, high triglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterolemia are independent risk factors of alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese men who consumed alcohol habitually. In people with these risks, triglyceride lowering and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol raising by improving insulin resistance and weight maintenance in addition to abstinence from alcohol would be effective in preventing the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01893-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T13:12:39Z","timestamp":1628514759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Obesity and metabolic abnormalities as risks of alcoholic fatty liver in men: NAGALA study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yuta","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahide","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuro","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Obora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05091.x","volume":"35","author":"T Deleuran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deleuran T, Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k H, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P. 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Subjects who were unwilling to participate were excluded from the study. The ethics committee of Asahi University Hospital approved the study (ID: 2018-09-01). The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Hamaguchi received grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Sanofi K.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharma Co. Ltd, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., and Eli Lilly Japan K.K., outside the submitted work. Dr. Hashimoto reports personal fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Sanofi K.K., and Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd. outside the submitted work. Dr. Fukui received grants from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp, Sanwa Kagagu Kenkyusho CO., LtD., Kowa Pharma Co. Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharma Co. Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., Sanofi K.K., Kissei Phama Co. Ltd., MSD K.K., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Ono Pharma Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Taisho Pharma Co., Ltd., Tejin Pharma LtD., Nippon Chemiphar Co., Ltd., Johnson & Johnson k.k. Medical Co., Abbott japan Co. Ltd., and Terumo Corp., and received honoraria from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Takeda Pharma Co. Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., MSD K.K., Arkray Inc., Kissei Pharma Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co. Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co. Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Kowa Pharma Co. Ltd., Ono Pharma Co. Ltd., Abbott japan Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Medtronic Japan Co. Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharma Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Mochida Pharma Co. Ltd., and Nipro Corp. outside the submitted work. The sponsors were not involved in the study design; data collection, analysis, and interpretation; writing of this manuscript; or the decision to submit the article for publication. The authors, their immediate families, and any research foundations with which they are affiliated have not received any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article. The authors declare that, although they are affiliated with a department that is supported financially by a pharmaceutical company, they received no funding for this study, which does not alter their adherence to all the journal policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"321"}}