{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:39:37Z","timestamp":1792291177770,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of air collection within the subserosa and\/or submucosa of the gastrointestinal wall. Due to the lack of specific symptoms, PCI is likely to be misdiagnosed or missed without the use of imaging techniques or gastrointestinal endoscopy. Here, we report a patient who complained of abdominal distention and constipation after chemotherapy for hematological malignancies, and was diagnosed with secondary PCI via computed tomography (CT) and exploratory laparotomy. Pneumoperitoneum was no longer observed after two weeks of conservative treatments. Notably, the possibility of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) as a predictor for surgical intervention was proposed. Furthermore, we conducted a literature review on PCI after chemotherapy in hematological malignancies to raise awareness of etoposide-related PCI, while whether PCI could be identified as an adverse event of etoposide requires more evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:04:03Z","timestamp":1648512243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with etoposide in hematological malignancies: a case report and a literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Liqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2219_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-7-163","volume":"7","author":"A Ezuka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ezuka A, Kawana K, Nagase H, Takahashi H, Nakajima A. Improvement of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after steroid tapering in a patient with bronchial asthma: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2013;7:163.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2219_CR2","first-page":"419","volume":"26","author":"J Jamart","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jamart J. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. A statistical study of 919 cases. Acta Hepatogastroenterol. 1979;26(5):419\u201322.","journal-title":"Acta Hepatogastroenterol"},{"issue":"39","key":"2219_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6087","volume":"14","author":"T Tsujimoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsujimoto T, Shioyama E, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Shirai Y, Toyohara M, Mitoro A, Yamao J, Fujii H, Fukui H. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following alpha-glucosidase inhibitor treatment: a case report and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(39):6087\u201392.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0794-y","volume":"18","author":"YJ Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang YJ, Wang YM, Zheng YM, Jiang HQ, Zhang J. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: six case reports and a review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018;18(1):100.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1087-9","volume":"19","author":"F Ling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ling F, Guo D, Zhu L. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a case report and literature review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19(1):176.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2219_CR6","first-page":"753","volume":"80","author":"K Yamaguchi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yamaguchi K, Shirai T, Shimakura K, Akamatsu T, Nakama H, Kono K, Sakato M, Shigeno T, Furuta S, Nakajima T, et al. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and trichloroethylene exposure. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985;80(10):753\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR7","first-page":"523","volume":"53","author":"LG Koss","year":"1952","unstructured":"Koss LG. Abdominal gas cysts (pneumatosis cystoides intestinorum hominis); an analysis with a report of a case and a critical review of the literature. AMA Arch Pathol. 1952;53(6):523\u201349.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i5.453","volume":"18","author":"Z Arikanoglu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arikanoglu Z, Aygen E, Camci C, Akbulut S, Basbug M, Dogru O, Cetinkaya Z, Kirkil C. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a single center experience. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(5):453\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.758","volume":"15","author":"A Bilici","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bilici A, Karadag B, Doventas A, Seker M. Gastric pneumatosis intestinalis associated with malignancy: an unusual case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(6):758\u201360.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2219_CR10","first-page":"188","volume":"68","author":"KA Forde","year":"1977","unstructured":"Forde KA, Whitlock RT, Seaman WB. Pneumatosis and cystoides intestinalis. Report of a case with colonoscopic findings of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1977;68(2):188\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2219_CR11","first-page":"2474515","volume":"2016","author":"M Kaneko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaneko M, Sasaki S, Teruya S, Ozaki K, Ishimaru K, Terai E, Nakayama H, Watanabe T. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in patients with systemic sclerosis: a case report and review of 39 Japanese cases. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2016;2016:2474515.","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-004-0304-7","volume":"14","author":"Y Wada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wada Y, Murayama N, Hirose S, In H, Kuroda T, Ito S, Nakano M, Gejyo F. A case of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a patient with polymyositis and interstitial pneumonia. Mod Rheumatol. 2004;14(3):260\u20133.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1421-1","volume":"11","author":"K Nakatani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakatani K, Kato T, Okada S, Matsumoto R, Nishida K, Komuro H, Suganuma T. Successful treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy for pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis as a complication of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):263.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-006720","volume":"2012","author":"D Ha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ha D, Tsai CJ. Pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:66.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)80690-7","volume":"46","author":"CD Collins","year":"1992","unstructured":"Collins CD, Blanshard C, Cramp M, Gazzard B, Gleeson JA. Case report: pneumatosis intestinalis occurring in association with cryptosporidiosis and HIV infection. Clin Radiol. 1992;46(6):410\u20131.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481007600526","volume":"76","author":"AT Lefor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lefor AT, Konishi F, Horie H, Togashi K, Yasuda Y. Pneumatosis intestinalis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Surg. 2010;76(5):541\u20133.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1198-2","volume":"11","author":"A Iida","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iida A, Naito H, Tsukahara K, Yumoto T, Nosaka N, Kawana S, Sato K, Takeuchi N, Soneda J, Nakao A. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis presenting as pneumoperitoneum in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):55.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3744-0","volume":"17","author":"YS Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee YS, Han JJ, Kim SY, Maeng CH. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with sunitinib and a literature review. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):732.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/iju5.12119","volume":"2","author":"H Shikuma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shikuma H, Inoue S, Hatayama T, Mukai S, Muto M, Miyamoto S, Sadahide K, Fujii S, Sekino Y, Goto K, et al. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis linked to sunitinib treatment for renal cell carcinoma. IJU Case Rep. 2019;2(6):318\u201320.","journal-title":"IJU Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2219_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23242","volume":"58","author":"K Korhonen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Korhonen K, Lovvorn HN 3rd, Koyama T, Koehler E, Calder C, Manes B, Evans M, Bruce K, Ho RH, Domm J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of pneumatosis intestinalis in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(4):616\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"30","key":"2219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i30.4973","volume":"19","author":"LL Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu LL, Yang YS, Dou Y, Liu QS. A systematic analysis of pneumatosis cystoids intestinalis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(30):4973\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24337","volume":"91","author":"F Keklik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keklik F, Cayci Z, Arndt P, Ustun C. Spontaneous complete resolution of pneumomediastinum and pneumatosis intestinalis caused by acute GVHD. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(7):749\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0110-7","volume":"88","author":"HI Suzuki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suzuki HI, Izutsu K, Watanabe T, Oshima K, Kanda Y, Motokura T, Chiba S, Kurokawa M. Late-onset pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis associated with non-infectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2008;88(1):116\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2219_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2014.148","volume":"49","author":"PK Bhamidipati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhamidipati PK, Ghobadi A, Bauer S, DiPersio JF, Pusic I. Conservative management of pneumatosis intestinalis after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49(11):1436\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000452436","volume":"137","author":"V Venkataramani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venkataramani V, Seif Amir Hosseini A, Schulze MH, Trumper L, Wulf G, Bacher U, Jung W. Intestinal pneumatosis associated with tuberculosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Acta Haematol. 2017;137(1):51\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"2219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlieghe V, Chantrain CF, Benmiloud S, Brichard B, Dupont S, de Ville de Goyet J, Reding R, Hermans D, Bachy A, Vermylen C. Conservative management of pneumatosis intestinalis following haematopietic stem cell transplantation for major beta thalassemia. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(6):615\u20136.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0274-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"2219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181ced397","volume":"32","author":"E Groninger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Groninger E, Hulscher JB, Timmer B, Tamminga RY, Broens PM. Free air intraperitoneally during chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: consider pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32(2):141\u20133.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-016-0683-2","volume":"9","author":"A Fujimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujimi A, Sakamoto H, Kanisawa Y, Minami S, Nagamachi Y, Yamauchi N, Ibata S, Kato J. Pneumatosis intestinalis during chemotherapy with nilotinib in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia who tested positive for anti-topoisomerase I antibodies. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2016;9(6):358\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2219_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1159\/000048852","volume":"64","author":"O Galm","year":"2001","unstructured":"Galm O, Fabry U, Adam G, Osieka R. Pneumatosis intestinalis following cytotoxic or immunosuppressive treatment. Digestion. 2001;64(2):128\u201332.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5045\/kjh.2012.47.1.74","volume":"47","author":"DK Shin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shin DK, Oh J, Yoon H, Kim JE, Chong SY, Oh D. Asymptomatic pneumatosis intestinalis following chemotherapy for B lymphoblastic leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities in an adolescent patient. Korean J Hematol. 2012;47(1):74\u20136.","journal-title":"Korean J Hematol"},{"key":"2219_CR31","first-page":"576042","volume":"2015","author":"A Mangaonkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mangaonkar A, Mansour J, Keen R, Kukkadapu T, Chintalapally R, Kota V. Pneumatosis intestinalis in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Case Rep Hematol. 2015;2015:576042.","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2219_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.34.212","volume":"34","author":"S Hashimoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hashimoto S, Saitoh H, Wada K, Kobayashi T, Furushima H, Kawai H, Shinbo T, Funakoshi K, Takahashi H, Shibata A. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after chemotherapy for hematological malignancies: report of 4 cases. Intern Med. 1995;34(3):212\u20135.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2219_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03383-2","volume":"34","author":"NY Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai NY, Chou CH, Cheng YC. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a patient with aseptic meningitis: a case report. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(10):1805\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.5742","volume":"25","author":"IL Shih","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shih IL, Lu YS, Wang HP, Liu KL. Pneumatosis coli after etoposide chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1623\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082016RC3597","volume":"14","author":"LD Faria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faria LD, Anjos CH, Fernandes GD, Carvalho IF. Pneumatosis intestinalis after etoposide-based chemotherapy in a patient with metastatic small cell lung cancer: successful conservative management of a rare condition. Einstein. 2016;14(3):420\u20132.","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"issue":"44","key":"2219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4932","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i44.4932","volume":"17","author":"F Azzaroli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azzaroli F, Turco L, Ceroni L, Galloni SS, Buonfiglioli F, Calvanese C, Mazzella G. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(44):4932\u20136.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2219_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2174\/1568011054222364","volume":"5","author":"EL Baldwin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baldwin EL, Osheroff N. Etoposide, topoisomerase II and cancer. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 2005;5(4):363\u201372.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents"},{"issue":"10","key":"2219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(98)00228-7","volume":"34","author":"KR Hande","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hande KR. Etoposide: four decades of development of a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34(10):1514\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2219_CR39","unstructured":"Reyhanoglu G, Tadi P. Etoposide. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL; 2022."},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i1.42","volume":"23","author":"FG Rodrigues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodrigues FG, Dasilva G, Wexner SD. Neutropenic enterocolitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(1):42\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"28","key":"2219_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i28.3998","volume":"26","author":"YA Ghouri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghouri YA, Tahan V, Shen B. Secondary causes of inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(28):3998\u20134017.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goz065","volume":"8","author":"E Rajha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajha E, Chaftari P, Kamal M, Maamari J, Chaftari C, Yeung SJ. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2020;8(1):25\u201330.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","volume":"6","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Brahmer JR, Callahan MK, Flores-Chavez A, Keegan N, Khamashta MA, Lambotte O, Mariette X, Prat A, Suarez-Almazor ME. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):38.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-019-00999-3","volume":"13","author":"M Di Pietropaolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Pietropaolo M, Trinci M, Giangregorio C, Galluzzo M, Miele V. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: case report and review of literature. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2020;13(1):31\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2219_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199008000-00008","volume":"212","author":"SJ Knechtle","year":"1990","unstructured":"Knechtle SJ, Davidoff AM, Rice RP. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Surgical management and clinical outcome. Ann Surg. 1990;212(2):160\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2219_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0241-9","volume":"11","author":"AJ Greenstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Greenstein AJ, Nguyen SQ, Berlin A, Corona J, Lee J, Wong E, Factor SH, Divino CM. Pneumatosis intestinalis in adults: management, surgical indications, and risk factors for mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(10):1268\u201374.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2906-z","volume":"39","author":"AW Kirkpatrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, De Keulenaer B, Duchesne J, Bjorck M, Leppaniemi A, Ejike JC, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(7):1190\u2013206.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2219_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350618803742","volume":"25","author":"Z Sanford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanford Z, Brown S, Tran MN, Zahiri HR, Feather C, Wormuth J, Buckley B. Updates on the utility of diagnostic laparoscopy in the management of pneumatosis intestinalis: an improvement to the current treatment algorithm. Surg Innov. 2018;25(6):648\u201350.","journal-title":"Surg Innov"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T16:03:07Z","timestamp":1666713787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02219-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the parents of the patient.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"150"}}