{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1773055878772,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Potential dietary inflammation can precursor chronic diseases such as hepatic disorders. We aimed to examine the association of empirical dietary inflammatory patterns (EDIP) and dietary inflammation scores (DIS) with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) in Iranian adults.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case\u2013control study was conducted on 225 newly diagnosed NAFLD cases and 450 controls aged 20\u201360\u00a0years. The individuals\u2019 dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The detection of NAFLD in subjects was done using the ultrasonography scan of the liver and confirmation of gastroenterologists. To calculate of EDIP score, the average daily intakes of each item (15 food items) were multiplied by the proposed weights, and then all the weighted values were summed. Also, to calculate the DIS score, each food item (18 food items) is multiplied by its specific weight to obtain the weighted values of each item. The weighted values were then standardized using the Z-score. Finally, the standardized weighted values of all the items were summed to get the overall DIS score for the individuals. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) of NAFLD across tertiles of EDIP and DIS.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean (SD) age and BMI of the study population (53% male) were 38.1 (8.8) years and 26.8 (4.3)\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively. The median (IQR) of EDIP and DIS scores in individuals were 0.52 (0.34, 0.73), and 0.04 (\u2212\u20090.55, 0.59), respectively. Based on the multivariable-adjusted model, after controlling for age, sex, physical activity, smoking, marital status, waist-to-hip ratio, and dietary energy intake, individuals in the second (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.07\u20133.76) and third tertiles of DIS (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.39\u20134.63) had a higher odds of NAFLD compared to the lowest tertile of DIS (P<jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.003). Also, in the final model, there is a significant direct association between EDIP score and odds of NAFLD [(OR T2 vs. T1\u2009=\u20090.88, 95% CI 0.50\u20131.57) and (OR T3 vs. T1\u2009=\u20091.82, 95% CI 1.02\u20133.23)], (P<jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.031).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggested that higher scores of EDIP and DIS, indicating the high inflammatory potential of dietary pattern, are associated with increased odds of NAFLD in Iranian adults.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1653822157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The association between dietary inflammation scores and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in Iranian adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Farhadnejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asal Neshatbini","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitra Kazemi","family":"Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Teymoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Mokhtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Salehi-Sahlabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Mirmiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"2353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001263","volume":"134","author":"Y-X Xian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xian Y-X, Weng J-P, Xu F. MAFLD vs. NAFLD: shared features and potential changes in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy. Chin Med J. 2021;134(01):8\u201319.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20127","volume":"15","author":"S Murag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murag S, Ahmed A, Kim D. Recent epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut Liver. 2021;15(2):206\u201316.","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.11.010","volume":"52","author":"E Makri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makri E, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and emerging treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Med Res. 2021;52(1):25\u201337.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2353_CR4","first-page":"14","volume":"2","author":"A Salehisahlabadi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salehisahlabadi A, Sadat S, Lotfi A, Mohseni M, Jadidi H. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iran: a population based study. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2010;2:14\u20139.","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2353_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14709","volume":"50","author":"T Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang T, Behary J, Zekry A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management. Intern Med J. 2020;50(9):1038\u201347.","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13603","volume":"38","author":"LB VanWagner","year":"2018","unstructured":"VanWagner LB, Khan SS, Ning H, Siddique J, Lewis CE, Carr JJ, et al. Body mass index trajectories in young adulthood predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle age: the CARDIA cohort study. Liver Int. 2018;38(4):706\u201314.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15363","volume":"36","author":"S Hassani Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassani Zadeh S, Mansoori A, Hosseinzadeh M. Relationship between dietary patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(6):1470\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.343","volume":"33","author":"M-S Kwak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwak M-S, Kim D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lifestyle modifications, focusing on physical activity. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(1):64.","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.020","volume":"158","author":"N Gehrke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gehrke N, Schattenberg JM. Metabolic inflammation\u2014a role for hepatic inflammatory pathways as drivers of comorbidities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1929-1947.e6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.037","volume":"17","author":"ZP Fricker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fricker ZP, Pedley A, Massaro JM, Vasan RS, Hoffmann U, Benjamin EJ, et al. Liver fat is associated with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in analysis of data from the Framingham heart study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(6):1157-64.e4.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050604","volume":"10","author":"A Tsoupras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsoupras A, Lordan R, Zabetakis I. Inflammation, not cholesterol, is a cause of chronic disease. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):604.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"2353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","volume":"71","author":"J Barbaresko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB, N\u00f6thlings U. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(8):511\u201327.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2020033210","volume":"40","author":"AB Kunnumakkara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kunnumakkara AB, Shabnam B, Girisa S, Harsha C, Banik K, Devi TB, et al. Inflammation, NF-\u03baB, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Crit Rev Immunol. 2020;40(1):1\u201339.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010062","volume":"10","author":"A Sureda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sureda A, Bibiloni MDM, Julibert A, Bouzas C, Argelich E, Llompart I, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and inflammatory markers. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):62.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.022","volume":"301","author":"C Van\u2019t Klooster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van\u2019t Klooster C, van Der Graaf Y, Ridker P, Westerink J, Hjortnaes J, Sluijs I, et al. The relation between healthy lifestyle changes and decrease in systemic inflammation in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2020;301:37\u201343.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00648-1","volume":"13","author":"H Farhadnejad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farhadnejad H, Parastouei K, Rostami H, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2021;13(1):30.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","volume":"25","author":"D Furman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25(12):1822\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000571","volume":"88","author":"F Vahid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vahid F, Shivappa N, Hekmatdoost A, Hebert JR, Poustchi H, Shamsipour A, et al. Association of pro-inflammatory dietary intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: findings from Iranian case\u2013control study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018;88:144\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2353_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.027","volume":"37","author":"I Cantero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cantero I, Abete I, Babio N, Ar\u00f3s F, Corella D, Estruch R, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and liver status in subjects with different adiposity levels within the PREDIMED trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(5):1736\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz165","volume":"149","author":"DA Byrd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byrd DA, Judd SE, Flanders WD, Hartman TJ, Fedirko V, Bostick RM. Development and validation of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores. J Nutr. 2019;149(12):2206\u201318.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2353_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228718","volume":"146","author":"FK Tabung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabung FK, Smith-Warner SA, Chavarro JE, Wu K, Fuchs CS, Hu FB, et al. Development and validation of an empirical dietary inflammatory index. J Nutr. 2016;146(8):1560\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrd D, Holmes A, Judd S, Flanders WD, Bostick RM. Associations of whole food and lifestyle-based inflammation scores with all-cause, cancer-and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality. AACR; 2017.","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2017-3287"},{"issue":"3","key":"2353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2216","volume":"44","author":"Q Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin Q, Shi N, Aroke D, Lee DH, Joseph JJ, Donneyong M, et al. Insulinemic and inflammatory dietary patterns show enhanced predictive potential for type 2 diabetes risk in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(3):707\u201314.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0815","volume":"43","author":"DH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DH, Li J, Li Y, Liu G, Wu K, Bhupathiraju S, et al. Dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective US Cohort Studies. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2675\u201383.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2353_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang S, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Gu Y, et al. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01069-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"2353_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab391","volume":"152","author":"E Taheri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taheri E, Bostick RM, Hatami B, Pourhoseingholi MA, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Moslem A, et al. Dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores are inversely associated with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease among Iranian adults: a nested case-control study. J Nutr. 2022;152(2):559\u201367.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2353_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006313","volume":"108","author":"G Asghari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asghari G, Rezazadeh A, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mehrabi Y, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(6):1109\u201317.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2353_CR28","unstructured":"(USDA) USDoA. USDA FCT 2021. https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/."},{"key":"2353_CR29","unstructured":"Azar M, Sarkisian EJTNN, Food Research Institute SBU. Food composition table of Iran. 1980;65."},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-021-01612-z","volume":"21","author":"A Salehi-Sahlabadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Sadat S, Beigrezaei S, Pourmasomi M, Feizi A, Ghiasvand R, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1):41.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2353_CR31","first-page":"1073","volume":"18","author":"MB Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moghaddam MB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18(8):1073\u201380.","journal-title":"World Appl Sci J"},{"issue":"9; SUPP\/1","key":"2353_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","volume":"32","author":"BE Ainsworth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(9; SUPP\/1):S498\u2013504.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2353_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","volume":"8","author":"PH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"2","key":"2353_CR34","first-page":"137","volume":"9","author":"GR Garmaroudi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garmaroudi GR, Moradi A. Socio-economic status in Iran: a study of measurement index. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2010;9(2):137\u201344.","journal-title":"Payesh (Health Monitor)"},{"key":"2353_CR35","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic: World Health Organization; 1998."},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0411-4","volume":"11","author":"Z Shakeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shakeri Z, Mirmiran P, Khalili-Moghadam S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Ataie-Jafari A, Azizi F. Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2353_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.60048","volume":"16","author":"S Soltani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soltani S, Moslehi N, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Vafa M. The association between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and metabolic phenotypes in overweight\/obese adults. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;16(2): e60048.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11327-1","volume":"21","author":"F Teymoori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teymoori F, Farhadnejad H, Mokhtari E, Sohouli MH, Moslehi N, Mirmiran P, et al. Dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores and risk of incident diabetes: a prospective cohort among participants of Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1293.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.391","volume":"9","author":"Y Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo Y, Lin H. Inflammation initiates a vicious cycle between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Immunity Inflamm Dis. 2021;9(1):59\u201373.","journal-title":"Immunity Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328961","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1328961","volume":"61","author":"RA Bawaked","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bawaked RA, Schr\u00f6der H, Ribas-Barba L, Izquierdo-Pulido M, P\u00e9rez-Rodrigo C, F\u00edto M, et al. Association of diet quality with dietary inflammatory potential in youth. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1328961.","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-019-00475-2","volume":"19","author":"M Akhlaghi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akhlaghi M, Ghasemi-Nasab M, Riasatian M. Mediterranean diet for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical investigations. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(1):575\u201384.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2353_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1210101","volume":"67","author":"A Hekmatdoost","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hekmatdoost A, Shamsipour A, Meibodi M, Gheibizadeh N, Eslamparast T, Poustchi H. Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2016;67(8):1024\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12924","volume":"83","author":"M Bonaccio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonaccio M, Pounis G, Cerletti C, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Mediterranean diet, dietary polyphenols and low grade inflammation: results from the MOLI-SANI study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(1):107\u201313.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2353_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.02.018","volume":"37","author":"S Soltani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soltani S, Chitsazi MJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) on serum inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(2):542\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2353_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070201","volume":"8","author":"C Tsigalou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsigalou C, Konstantinidis T, Paraschaki A, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Mediterranean diet as a tool to combat inflammation and chronic diseases. An overview. Biomedicines. 2020;8(7):201.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"2353_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.08.004","volume":"22","author":"E Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai E, Lee T-P. Diagnosis and evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, including noninvasive biomarkers and transient elastography. Clin Liver Dis. 2018;22(1):73\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1653825794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-022-02353-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed written consents were obtained from participants. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The ethics research committee approved the study\u2019s protocol of the Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"267"}}