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Several pathogenicity genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>cagA, vacA, babA2, dupA, iceA,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>oipA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , are associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal disease such as peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. This research aims to determine the prevalence of different\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes and correlate their risk in the development of gastrointestinal diseases in the Ecuadorian population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional research of 225 patients at the Calder\u00f3n Hospital in Quito, Ecuador, was conducted. End point PCRs were run to determine the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>16S rRNA, cagA, vacA (m1), vacA (s1), babA2, dupA, iceA1, and oipA<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence genes. Chi-square test, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized for the statistical analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was present in 62.7% of people. Peptic ulcers were seen in 22.2% and malignant lesions in 3.6% of patients. Genes\n                      <jats:italic>oipA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (93.6%),\n                      <jats:italic>vacA (s1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      (70.9%), and\n                      <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (70.2%) were the most prevalent.\n                      <jats:italic>cagA\/vacA (s1m1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>cagA\/oipA (s1m1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      combinations were found in 31.2% and 22.7% of the cases, respectively. Acute inflammation has a significant correlation with the genes\n                      <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20094.96 95% CI: 1.1\u201322.41),\n                      <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20092.78 95% CI: 1.06\u20137.3), and the\n                      <jats:italic>cagA\/oipA<\/jats:italic>\n                      combination (OR\u2009=\u20094.78, 95% CI: 1.06\u201321.62). Follicular hyperplasia was associated with\n                      <jats:italic>iceA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20093.13; 95% CI: 1.2\u20138.16),\n                      <jats:italic>babA2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20092.56; 95% CI: 1.14\u20135.77),\n                      <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20092.19; 95% CI: 1.06\u20134.52), and the\n                      <jats:italic>cagA\/oipA<\/jats:italic>\n                      combination (OR\u2009=\u20092.32, 95% CI: 1.12\u20134.84). The\n                      <jats:italic>vacA (m1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>vacA (s1m1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia (OR\u2009=\u20092.71 95% CI: 1.17\u20136.29) (OR\u2009=\u20092.33 95% CI: 1.03\u20135.24). Finally, we showed that\n                      <jats:italic>cagA\/vacA (s1m1)<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene combination increased the risk of duodenal ulcer development (OR\u2009=\u20092.89, 95% CI 1.10\u20137.58).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study makes a significant contribution by offering genotypic information regarding\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. The presence of several\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes was associated with the onset of gastrointestinal illness in the Ecuadorian population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02838-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T15:31:30Z","timestamp":1686065490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori genotypes: cagA, vacA (m1), vacA (s1), babA2, dupA, iceA1, oipA and their association with gastrointestinal diseases. 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