{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:07:26Z","timestamp":1792494446926,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T20:29:21Z","timestamp":1741638561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Descriptive analysis of common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in pediatric patients in Kerman: a study from 2022 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maryam Gholami","family":"Shahrebabak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazanin Zeinali","family":"Nezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Aref","family":"Azadmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Shahpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azam Gholami","family":"Shahrebabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3750_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2015.09.003","volume":"26","author":"RA Lirio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lirio RA. Management of upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: variceal and nonvariceal. Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin. 2016;26(1):63\u201373.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endoscopy Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"3750_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2015.01.140153","volume":"28","author":"S Owensby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Owensby S, Taylor K, Wilkins T. Diagnosis and management of upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in children. J Am Board Family Med. 2015;28(1):134\u201345.","journal-title":"J Am Board Family Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i8.1328","volume":"23","author":"C Romano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romano C, Oliva S, Martellossi S, Miele E, Arrigo S, Graziani MG, et al. Pediatric Gastrointestinal bleeding: perspectives from the Italian society of pediatric gastroenterology. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(8):1328.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3750_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.064","volume":"51","author":"M Thomson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomson M, Belsha D. Endoscopic management of acute Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: time for a radical rethink. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(2):206\u201310.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3750_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2014.986569","volume":"31","author":"C Pant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pant C, Olyaee M, Sferra TJ, Gilroy R, Almadhoun O, Deshpande A. Emergency department visits for Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: results from the nationwide emergency department sample 2006\u20132011. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31(2):347\u201351.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"4","key":"3750_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06586.x","volume":"26","author":"Y Bai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bai Y, Peng J, Gao J, Zou DW, Li ZS. Epidemiology of lower Gastrointestinal bleeding in China: Single-center series and systematic analysis of Chinese literature with 53 951 patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26(4):678\u201382.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3750_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley AJ, Laine L. Management of acute upper Gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ. 2019;364.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l536"},{"issue":"1","key":"3750_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43054-022-00153-8","volume":"71","author":"MA Elhodhod","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elhodhod MA, Hamdy AM, Fahmy PO, Awad YM. Diagnostic yield of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in pediatrics: a cross-sectional study at a tertiary center. Egypt Pediatr Association Gaz. 2023;71(1):6.","journal-title":"Egypt Pediatr Association Gaz"},{"issue":"9","key":"3750_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815611642","volume":"55","author":"Y Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Y, Wang B, Yuan L, Yang H, Wang X, Xiao Y, et al. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in Chinese children: a multicenter 10-year retrospective study. Clin Pediatr. 2016;55(9):838\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"3750_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.32677\/IJCH.2016.v03.i04.004","volume":"3","author":"N Bhadauria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhadauria N, Dubey SRK, Mittal P, Arya A, Singh R. Clinico-etiological pattern of lower Gastrointestinal bleeding in children (5\u201318 years age group) at a tertiary care center in central India. Indian J Child Health. 2016;3(4):290\u20132.","journal-title":"Indian J Child Health"},{"key":"3750_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green DS, Abdel-Latif ME, Jones LJ, Lui K, Osborn DA. Pharmacological interventions for prevention and treatment of upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2019(7).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011785.pub2"},{"issue":"10","key":"3750_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i10.475","volume":"6","author":"C Sugawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sugawa C, Ono H, Taleb M, Lucas CE. Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the upper Gastrointestinal tract: a review. World J Gastrointest Endoscopy. 2014;6(10):475.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endoscopy"},{"key":"3750_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costable NJ, Greenwald DA. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding. Geriatric Gastroenterol. 2021:1289\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30192-7_47"},{"issue":"5","key":"3750_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.09.002","volume":"27","author":"I Khamaysi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khamaysi I, Gralnek IM. Acute upper Gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB)\u2013initial evaluation and management. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(5):633\u20138.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3750_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/children4110095","volume":"4","author":"O Nasher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nasher O, Devadason D, Stewart RJ. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: a tertiary united Kingdom children\u2019s hospital experience. Children. 2017;4(11):95.","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"12","key":"3750_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01536.x","volume":"102","author":"M Barakat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barakat M, Mostafa M, Mahran Z, Soliman A-G. Portal hypertensive duodenopathy: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic profiles. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG. 2007;102(12):2793\u2013802.","journal-title":"Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG"},{"issue":"11","key":"3750_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-1795","volume":"171","author":"AN Barkun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, Laine L, Sung J, Tse F, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper Gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the international consensus group. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(11):805\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3750_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17949","volume":"59","author":"DL Shung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shung DL, Laine L. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding\u2013review of current evidence and implications for management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;59(9):1062\u201381.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3750_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020402","volume":"9","author":"S Mujtaba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mujtaba S, Chawla S, Massaad JF. Diagnosis and management of non-variceal Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a review of current guidelines and future perspectives. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):402.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3750_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0092-3","volume":"76","author":"SM Dehghani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dehghani SM, Haghighat M, Imanieh MH, Tabebordbar MR. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in children in Southern Iran. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:635\u20138.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3750_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.7075","volume":"15","author":"M Rafeey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rafeey M, Shoaran M, Majidy H. Diagnostic endoscopy and clinical characteristics of Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: a 10-year retrospective study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(9):794.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"3750_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0350-8","volume":"8","author":"K Cleveland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cleveland K, Ahmad N, Bishop P, Nowicki M. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: an 11-year retrospective endoscopic investigation. World J Pediatr. 2012;8:123\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"3750_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32833d36de","volume":"22","author":"N Kalach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalach N, Bontems P, Koletzko S, Mourad-Baars P, Shcherbakov P, Celinska-Cedro D, et al. Frequency and risk factors of gastric and duodenal ulcers or erosions in children: a prospective 1-month European multicenter study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(10):1174\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3750_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-023-03143-5","volume":"408","author":"S Kunz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kunz S, Ashraf H, Klonis C, Thompson SK, Aly A, Liu DS. Surgical approaches for achalasia and obesity: a systematic review and patient-level meta-analysis. Langenbeck\u2019s Archives Surg. 2023;408(1):403.","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Archives Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3750_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23489","volume":"51","author":"S Petta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petta S, Camm\u00e0 C, Scazzone C, Tripodo C, Di Marco V, Bono A, et al. Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2010;51(4):1158\u201367.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3750_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.29.2.39","volume":"29","author":"JT Boyle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyle JT. Gastrointestinal bleeding in infants and children. Pediatr Rev. 2008;29(2):39\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3750_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001245","volume":"116","author":"L Laine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laine L, Barkun AN, Saltzman JR, Martel M, Leontiadis GI. ACG clinical guideline: upper Gastrointestinal and ulcer bleeding. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG. 2021;116(5):899\u2013917.","journal-title":"Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG"},{"key":"3750_CR28","unstructured":"Colle I, Wilmer A, Le Moine O, Debruyne R, Delwaide J, Dhondt E et al. Upper Gastrointestinal tract bleeding management: Belgian guidelines for adults and children. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2011;74."}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:26:19Z","timestamp":1741861579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03750-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (IR.KMU.AH.REC.1400.377). In accordance with ethical guidelines and best practices, a rigorous informed consent process was implemented for this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all pediatric participants, as required for research involving minors. For children above the age of 7 years, verbal assent was also sought, ensuring that the participants themselves were aware of the study\u2019s purpose and procedures in age-appropriate language. This approach aligns with the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the regulations of the Ethics Committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (IR.KMU.AH.REC.1400.377). This process ensured that participants and their legal guardians were fully informed about the nature of the study, its potential risks and benefits, and their rights as research subjects. Patient confidentiality was maintained throughout the study. All patient data were anonymized and coded before being transferred to the statistical analyst for analysis. Only authorized research personnel had access to the patients\u2019 medical records. The study did not involve any direct patient contact or intervention, as it was based solely on retrospective medical record review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos). All data were anonymized and aggregated for analysis and presentation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"152"}}