{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:13:01Z","timestamp":1790827981692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016834","name":"Chongqing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023ZDXM003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZDXM003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T20:43:10Z","timestamp":1744490590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long-term weight change patterns in American adulthood in relation to gallstones: evidence from NHANES"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"3846_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Va C, F B, F N. Pathophysiological connections between gallstone disease, insulin resistance, and obesity. Obes Reviews: Official J Int Association Study Obes. 2020;21(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12983.","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12983"},{"issue":"5","key":"3846_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1159\/000515545","volume":"37","author":"NM Parra-Landazury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parra-Landazury NM, Cordova-Gallardo J, M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez N. Obesity and gallstones. Visc Med. 2021;37(5):394\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000515545.","journal-title":"Visc Med"},{"key":"3846_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N MS, Nc JBA. Strong association between gallstones and cardiovascular disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41214.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41214.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"3846_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.116","volume":"21","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Mori T, Yokoyama M, et al. 4.4 12 hepatolithiasis: analysis of Japanese nationwide surveys over a period of 40 years. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2014;21(9):617\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhbp.116.","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"3846_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H K, S K, S J, et al. Population-Attributable fractions of personal comorbidities for liver, gallbladder, and bile duct cancers. Cancers. 2023;15(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15123092.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123092"},{"key":"3846_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M P, N A, K G, et al. 2020 World society of emergency surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. World J Emerg Surgery: WJES. 2020;15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x"},{"key":"3846_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N F, I Y, I E, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cholelithiasis 2021. J Gastroenterol. 2023;58(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-023-02014-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-023-02014-6"},{"key":"3846_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Af P, Sd C, Cc M, et al. Burden and cost of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the united States: update 2021. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017"},{"key":"3846_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K H, K S, T I, et al. Gallstone disease risk in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in Japanese men. Int J Obes Relat Metabolic Disorders: J Int Association Study Obes. 1999;23(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800781.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800781"},{"key":"3846_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kq T, Sj G, Da SB, Cl AN, Ha S. Leptin-resistant obese mice have paradoxically low biliary cholesterol saturation. Surgery. 2003;134(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2003.234.","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2003.234"},{"key":"3846_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P P, A DC, G V, et al. Gallbladder motility and cholesterol crystallization in bile from patients with pigment and cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000;30(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00639.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00639.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"3846_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040550","volume":"12","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Warren J, Yip J, et al. Factors influencing gallstone formation: A review of the literature. Biomolecules. 2022;12(4):550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12040550.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"3846_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bg SS. Elevated body mass index as a causal risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Hepatology (Baltimore MD). 2013;58(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.26563.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26563"},{"key":"3846_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El SYDG, Sc G, Obesity L. Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle factors, and risk of gallstone disease: A Mendelian randomization investigation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatology: Official Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterological Association. 2022;20(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.034"},{"key":"3846_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367229","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1367229","volume":"15","author":"M Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang M, Bai Y, Wang Y, et al. Independent association of general and central adiposity with risk of gallstone disease: observational and genetic analyses. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1367229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1367229.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3846_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04138","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04138","volume":"13","author":"P Ke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ke P, Xu M, Feng J, et al. Association between weight change and risk of liver fibrosis in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Glob Health. 2023;13:04138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.13.04138.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"3846_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183200","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1183200","volume":"11","author":"Y Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng Y, Li H, Liao F, et al. Association between weight change and the predicted 10-year risk for atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease among U.S. Older adults: data from National health and nutrition examination survey 1999\u20132018. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1183200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1183200.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3846_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gong X, Zeng X, Fu P. Association between weight change during adulthood and chronic kidney disease: results from a National survey 2011\u20132018. DMSO 2023;Volume 16:3817\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S435886","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S435886"},{"key":"3846_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l5584","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5584","volume":"16","author":"C Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen C, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Pan A. Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ Published Online Oct. 2019;16:l5584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l5584.","journal-title":"BMJ Published Online Oct"},{"issue":"3","key":"3846_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7092","volume":"318","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Manson JE, Yuan C, et al. Associations of weight gain from early to middle adulthood with major health outcomes later in life. JAMA. 2017;318(3):255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.7092.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"3846_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1917371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17371","volume":"2","author":"G Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia G, Shu XO, Liu Y, et al. Association of adult weight gain with major health outcomes among Middle-aged Chinese persons with low body weight in early adulthood. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1917371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17371.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3846_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Di X, Liu M, Wei J, Li T, Liao B. Association between daily sitting time and kidney stones based on the National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007\u20132016: A cross-sectional study. Int J Surg Published Online May. 2024;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001560.","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001560"},{"issue":"3","key":"3846_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190731","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0731","volume":"2","author":"J Cologne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cologne J, Takahashi I, French B, et al. Association of weight fluctuation with mortality in Japanese adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0731.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3846_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ta A, Aj SPDGJRRFP. The association of weight change and all-cause mortality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021;50(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afaa231.","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa231"},{"issue":"6","key":"3846_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26563","volume":"58","author":"S Stender","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stender S, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Elevated body mass index as a causal risk factor for symptomatic gallstone disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):2133\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.26563.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"3846_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0081-y","volume":"30","author":"D Aune","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aune D, Norat T, Vatten LJ. Body mass index, abdominal fatness and the risk of gallbladder disease. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30(9):1009\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-015-0081-y.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3846_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hs K, Sk C, Cs K, Js P. Big data and analysis of risk factors for gallbladder disease in the young generation of Korea. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0211480.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211480"},{"issue":"1","key":"3846_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010043","volume":"12","author":"LD Ruiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruiz LD, Zuelch ML, Dimitratos SM, Scherr RE. Adolescent obesity: diet quality, psychosocial health, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutrients. 2019;12(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010043.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3846_CR29","unstructured":"Chumlea W, Guo S, Kuczmarski R et al. Body composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data. Int J Obes."},{"issue":"9","key":"3846_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092622","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang T, Yin X, Sun Y, Seow WJ. Association of weight loss from early to middle adulthood and incident hypertension risk later in life. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12092622.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"3846_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0467-0","volume":"44","author":"MKR Kj\u00f8llesdal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kj\u00f8llesdal MKR, Ariansen I, N\u00e6ss \u00d8E. Early adulthood weight, subsequent midlife weight change and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality: an analysis of Norwegian cardiovascular surveys. Int J Obes. 2020;44(2):399\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-019-0467-0.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"3846_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000323885","volume":"29","author":"CS Stokes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stokes CS, Krawczyk M, Lammert F, Gallstones. Environment, lifestyle and genes. Dig Dis. 2011;29(2):191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000323885.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"3846_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ta W, Js T, Ml B. Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. Am Psychol. 2020;75(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000517.","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000517"},{"issue":"1","key":"3846_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89024-x","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Liu X, Han J, Feng B, Yan C, Zhao J. The association between life\u2019s essential 8 and gallstones: A cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):4713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-89024-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3846_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77218-8","volume":"14","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kang TU, Kim MJ, Swan H, Park SM. Long-term weight patterns and physical activity in gallstones. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):25817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-77218-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3846_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma J, Gl I, Hm S, Ah A, Ih N. Dietary phytochemical index and the risk of gallstone disease: a case-control study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03622-7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03622-7"},{"key":"3846_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dq PPLB. Novel insights into the pathogenic impact of diabetes on the Gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13846.","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13846"},{"key":"3846_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rm F. Obesity and metabolic syndrome: pathological effects on the Gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology. 2016;68(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/his.12907.","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12907"},{"key":"3846_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481620","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1481620","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen S, Chen X, et al. Higher triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio index is associated with higher prevalence of Gallstone: a population-based study. Front Med. 2024;11:1481620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1481620.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"3846_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ce R, Je E. Association of diabetes, serum insulin, and C-peptide with gallbladder disease. Hepatology (Baltimore MD). 2000;31(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.510310206.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310206"},{"key":"3846_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K FL, Cw G. Gallstones. Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2016;2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24"},{"key":"3846_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"As G, Ms O. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.461S.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.461S"},{"key":"3846_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rk S, Gd C Jr. Plasma lipids and insulin in gall stone disease: a case-control study. Br Med J (Clinical Res ed). 1984;289(6444). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.289.6444.521.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6444.521"},{"key":"3846_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cm N, Mr L, Gc N, Re D, Jw P. Regulation of the diurnal rhythm of rat liver beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzmye A reductase activity by insulin, glucagon, Cyclic AMP and hydrocortisone. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1974;160(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90412-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(74)90412-3"},{"key":"3846_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nc NMS. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v11.i11.1653.","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i11.1653"},{"key":"3846_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kf L, Hy C, Sw L. Metformin use correlates with reduced risk of gallstones in diabetic patients: A 12-Year Follow-up study. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00765.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00765"},{"key":"3846_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Je E, M K, Kr MH. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the united States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70456-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(99)70456-7"},{"key":"3846_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S T, A N, O W, et al. Progesterone alters biliary flow dynamics. Ann Surg. 1999;229(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000658-199902000-00007.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199902000-00007"},{"issue":"5","key":"3846_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12391","volume":"5","author":"DM Shabanzadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shabanzadeh DM, Holmboe SA, S\u00f8rensen LT, Linneberg A, Andersson A-M, J\u00f8rgensen T. Are incident gallstones associated to sex\u2010dependent changes with age? A cohort study. Andrology. 2017;5(5):931\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12391.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"3846_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O de B, Ty W, Dq MLPP. Estrogen induces two distinct cholesterol crystallization pathways by activating ER\u03b1 and GPR30 in female mice. J Lipid Res. 2015;56(9). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M059121.","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M059121"},{"key":"3846_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032557","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1032557","volume":"13","author":"J Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu J, Lin Q, Fang Z, Xu Z, Liu Z. Complex impacts of gallstone disease on metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1032557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1032557.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"3846_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathus-Vliegen EMH. Determinants of gallbladder kinetics in obesity. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49(1).","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011595.39555.c0"},{"key":"3846_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lj B, Rl G, Mb G, Ph B. Effects of oral contraceptives on the gallbladder bile of normal women. N Engl J Med. 1976;294(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197601222940403.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197601222940403"},{"key":"3846_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mk RSNB. Effects of exercise on gallbladder volume and motility in obese women. J Clin Ultrasound: JCU. 2005;33(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcu.20117.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20117"},{"key":"3846_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mf L, El G, Eb R, et al. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00001.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00001"},{"key":"3846_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kh K, Ra AM, We R, Re W, Bf P. H. Strength training accelerates gastrointestinal transit in middle-aged and older men. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1992;24(4). Accessed March 10, 2025. http:\/\/pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-s.swebvpn.cqmu.edu.cn:8118\/1560736\/","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199204000-00004"},{"key":"3846_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tt B, Ky DA, Kk L. Alterations in lipid and protein profiles of plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged men consequent to an aerobic exercise program. Metab Clin Exp. 1986;35(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(86)90040-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(86)90040-5"},{"key":"3846_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S L, H Y, D X, et al. Hepatic FXR-FGF4 is required for bile acid homeostasis via an FGFR4-LRH-1 signal node under cholestatic stress. Cell Metabol. 2025;37(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.09.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.09.008"},{"key":"3846_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C W. Obesity-enriched gut microbe degrades myo-inositol and promotes lipid absorption. Cell Host Microbe. 2024;32(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2024.06.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.06.012"},{"key":"3846_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sl C, Jg S, Je B, Cd O, Ad P. Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00805-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00805-x"},{"key":"3846_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gl DAJF. Exercise and probiotics attenuate the development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Transgenic mice: role of Microbiome. Exp Gerontol. 2019;115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2018.12.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.12.005"},{"key":"3846_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A DK, C G, Hu EFLPL. Genetic and environmental influences on symptomatic gallstone disease: a Swedish study of 43,141 twin pairs. Hepatology (Baltimore MD). 2005;41(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.20654.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20654"},{"key":"3846_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F G. Increased gallstone risk in humans conferred by common variant of hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter for cholesterol. Hepatology (Baltimore MD). 2007;46(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21847.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21847"},{"key":"3846_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S B, C S, H V, et al. A genome-wide association scan identifies the hepatic cholesterol transporter ABCG8 as a susceptibility factor for human gallstone disease. Nat Genet. 2007;39(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng2101.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2101"},{"key":"3846_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Km F, C B, Jd H. The effects of exposure misclassification on estimates of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114294.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114294"},{"key":"3846_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fj NG, Tl B, Pm K. Body mass definitions of obesity: sensitivity and specificity using self-reported weight and height. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 1990;1(2). Accessed March 10, 2025. http:\/\/pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-s.swebvpn.cqmu.edu.cn:8118\/2073502\/","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199003000-00011"},{"key":"3846_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Va C, Jt D, Ka C, Ea K. Accuracy of recall by middle-aged participants in a longitudinal study of their body size and indices of maturation earlier in life. Ann Hum Biol. 1991;18(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03014469100001492.","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469100001492"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T20:43:12Z","timestamp":1744490592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03846-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"NHANES has been approved by the Ethics Committee and each participant has given written, informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"250"}}