{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:29:10Z","timestamp":1787020150920,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T08:10:38Z","timestamp":1752221438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diagnosis model for gastric submucosal tumor based on multiple decision trees comprising endoscopic and endoscopic ultrasonography features"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shen","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-He","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Lin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Bin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"3993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70085-0","volume":"56","author":"A Chak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chak A. EUS in submucosal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(4 Suppl):S43\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"7","key":"3993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.033","volume":"130","author":"JH Hwang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hwang JH, et al. American gastroenterological association Institute technical review on the management of gastric subepithelial masses. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(7):2217\u201328.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13010","volume":"30","author":"N Abe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abe N, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and laparoscopic removal of gastric submucosal tumor. Dig Endosc. 2018;30(Suppl 1):7\u201316.","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000388","volume":"33","author":"T Nishizawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nishizawa T, Yahagi N. Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection: technique and new directions. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2017;33(5):315\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.01.134","volume":"54","author":"A Facciorusso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Facciorusso A, et al. Comparison between endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy and bite-on-bite Jumbo biopsy for sampling of subepithelial lesions. Dig Liver Disease. 2022;54(5):676\u201383.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Disease"},{"issue":"01","key":"3993_CR6","first-page":"31","volume":"56","author":"A Facciorusso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Facciorusso A, et al. Comparative diagnostic yield of different endoscopic techniques for tissue sampling of upper Gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions: a network meta-analysis. Endoscopy. 2023;56(01):31\u201340.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"14","key":"3993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i14.2077","volume":"13","author":"K Akahoshi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akahoshi K, et al. Preoperative diagnosis of Gastrointestinal stromal tumor by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(14):2077\u201382.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3993_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetri GD et al. NCCN task force report: update on the management of patients with Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2010. 8 Suppl 2(0 2): p. S1-41; quiz S42-4.","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2010.0116"},{"key":"3993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesenti C et al. Characterization of subepithelial lesions of the stomach and esophagus by contrast-enhanced EUS: A retrospective study. Endoscopic Ultrasound, 2019. 8(1).","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_89_17"},{"issue":"3","key":"3993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12710","volume":"20","author":"JY Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang JY, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography in differentiating between Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A meta\u2010analysis. J Dig Dis. 2019;20(3):127\u201334.","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"3993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SH et al. Utility of EUS elastography in the diagnosis of gastric subepithelial tumors: a pilot study (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2020. 91(1):172\u2013177.e2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.09.012"},{"key":"3993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YH et al. Application of A convolutional neural network in the diagnosis of gastric mesenchymal tumors on endoscopic ultrasonography images. J Clin Med, 2020. 9(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103162"},{"issue":"2","key":"3993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-021-01261-x","volume":"25","author":"K Hirai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hirai K, et al. Artificial intelligence-based diagnosis of upper Gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions on endoscopic ultrasonography images. Gastric Cancer. 2021;25(2):382\u201391.","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"3993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.05.009","volume":"23","author":"B Landi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landi B, Palazzo L. The role of endosonography in submucosal tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(5):679\u2013701.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(05)01567-1","volume":"62","author":"H Joo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joo H, Hwang MDS, Stephen J. Rulyak,Steve Shaw, <a comparing=\"endo.pdf=\u201d prospective=\"study=\u201d><\/a>. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62(2):202\u20138.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"3993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1083050","volume":"51","author":"N Fujimori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujimori N, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis and grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(2):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3993_CR17","first-page":"88","volume":"45","author":"JG Kwon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwon JG, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonographic impression compared with pathologic diagnosis in Gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2005;45(2):88\u201396.","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12788\/j.sder.2018.006","volume":"37","author":"AA Gru","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gru AA, Wick MR, Eid M. Primary cutaneous CD4\u2009+\u2009small\/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder-clinical and histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2018;37(1):39\u201348.","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"issue":"45","key":"3993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1970","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001970","volume":"94","author":"K Tao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tao K, et al. Clinicopathologic features of gastric Schwannoma: 8-Year experience at a single institution in China. Med (Baltim). 2015;94(45):e1970.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"3993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Q, Zhang F, Li X. Machine Learning in Ultrasound Computer-Aided Diagnostic Systems: A Survey. Biomed Res Int, 2018: 5137904.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5137904"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000506450","volume":"13","author":"S Yanagawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanagawa S, et al. A rare case of gastric Schwannoma: A case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol. 2020;13(1):330\u20135.","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR22","first-page":"5","volume":"31","author":"V Bhatia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhatia V, Tajika M, Rastogi A. Upper Gastrointestinal submucosal lesions\u2013clinical and endosonographic evaluation and management. Trop Gastroenterol. 2010;31(1):5\u201329.","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2021.251","volume":"54","author":"SM Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim SM, et al. Predictive factors for differentiating Gastrointestinal stromal tumors from leiomyomas based on endoscopic ultrasonography findings in patients with gastric subepithelial tumors: A multicenter retrospective study. Clin Endosc. 2021;54(6):872\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"issue":"12","key":"3993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01725-4","volume":"55","author":"Y Minoda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minoda Y, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound with artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(12):1119\u201326.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09597-w","volume":"37","author":"B Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang B, et al. Artificial intelligence-assisted endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2022;37(3):1649\u201357.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"40","key":"3993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27520","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027520","volume":"100","author":"S Okanoue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okanoue S, et al. Scoring systems for differentiating Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and schwannomas from leiomyomas in the stomach. Med (Baltim). 2021;100(40):e27520.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20296","volume":"16","author":"GH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim GH. Systematic endoscopic approach for diagnosing gastric subepithelial tumors. Gut Liver. 2022;16(1):19\u201327.","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"5","key":"3993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2144437","volume":"58","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu J, et al. The value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound in differential diagnosis and evaluation of malignant risk of Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (<\u200950\u00a0mm). Scand J Gastroenterol. 2023;58(5):542\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12569","volume":"28","author":"Y Tsuji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsuji Y, et al. Diagnostic potential of endoscopic ultrasonography-elastography for gastric submucosal tumors: A pilot study. Dig Endosc. 2016;28(2):173\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.200216","volume":"6","author":"A Ignee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ignee A, et al. Contrast-enhanced (endoscopic) ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound elastography in Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Endosc Ultrasound. 2017;6(1):55\u201360.","journal-title":"Endosc Ultrasound"},{"issue":"9","key":"3993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.05.022","volume":"84","author":"HK Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang HK, et al. Leiomyomas in the gastric cardia: CT findings and differentiation from Gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(9):1694\u2013700.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"8pt2","key":"3993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05351.x","volume":"23","author":"J-H Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim J-H, et al. Endosonographic features of gastric ectopic pancreases distinguishable from mesenchymal tumors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(8pt2):e301\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.04.048","volume":"69","author":"M Matsushita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matsushita M, et al. Endoscopic and EUS features of gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(1):188. author reply 188-9.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(97)70210-4","volume":"46","author":"M Matsushita","year":"1997","unstructured":"Matsushita M, et al. Gastric inflammatory fibroid polyps: endoscopic ultrasonographic analysis in comparison with the histology. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46(1):53\u20137.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T05:12:24Z","timestamp":1757221944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-03993-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University (Reference Number QYFYQZLL27728). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The need for written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliate Hospital of Qingdao University due to retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"515"}}