{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:48:09Z","timestamp":1790725689700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015027","name":"Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140006235089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140006235089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T09:25:03Z","timestamp":1751880303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sexual function, depression, and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Keshavarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Saman","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ahmadpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Soltanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Torkashvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"4102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","volume":"160","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional Gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome foundation global study. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:99\u2013114. e3.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","volume":"150","author":"DA Drossman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Drossman DA. Functional Gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1262\u201379. e2.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4102_CR3","first-page":"1393","volume":"150","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lacy BE, Mearin F, Chang L, Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Simren M, et al. Bowel Disorders Gastroenterol. 2016;150:1393\u2013407. e5.","journal-title":"Bowel Disorders Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0262-x","volume":"113","author":"\u00c5 Fr\u00e4ndemark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fr\u00e4ndemark \u00c5, T\u00f6rnblom H, Jakobsson S, Simr\u00e9n M. Work productivity and activity impairment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multifaceted problem. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG. 2018;113:1540\u20139.","journal-title":"Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG"},{"key":"4102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12938","volume":"40","author":"C Canavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canavan C, West J, Card T. The economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:1023\u201334.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000079846","volume":"69","author":"M Simr\u00e9n","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n M, Brazier J, Coremans G, Dapoigny M, M\u00fcller-Lissner SA, Pace F, et al. Quality of life and illness costs in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion. 2004;69:254\u201361.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"4102_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0502-z","volume":"264","author":"G Fond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fond G, Loundou A, Hamdani N, Boukouaci W, Dargel A, Oliveira J, et al. Anxiety and depression comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci. 2014;264:651\u201360.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin NeuroSci"},{"key":"4102_CR8","first-page":"S17","volume":"11","author":"I Diet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diet I, Foods-Why IDT, List-Stop ITF, Can\u2019t Eat Anything WY, Deprivation SN, Diet F. Impairment in work productivity and health-related quality of life in patients with IBS. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:S17\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"4102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000978","volume":"53","author":"R Addante","year":"2019","unstructured":"Addante R, Naliboff B, Shih W, Presson AP, Tillisch K, Mayer EA, et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients compared with healthy individuals. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:e142\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.16484","volume":"119","author":"IM Gralnek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gralnek IM, Hays RD, Kilbourne A, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:654\u201360.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-2813.2004.01807.x","volume":"19","author":"S Halder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Halder S, Locke G III, Talley N, Fett S, Zinsmeister A, Melton IIIL. Impact of functional Gastrointestinal disorders on health-related quality of life: a population\u2010based case\u2013control study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:233\u201342.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02071408","volume":"41","author":"WE Whitehead","year":"1996","unstructured":"Whitehead WE, Burnett CK, Cook EW, Taub E. Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:2248\u201353.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"4102_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.105520","volume":"55","author":"N Kabra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kabra N, Nadkarni A. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in irritable bowel syndrome: A clinic based study from India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55:77\u201380.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4102_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01722.x","volume":"103","author":"DK Chitkara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chitkara DK, van Tilburg MA, Blois-Martin N, Whitehead WE. Early life risk factors that contribute to irritable bowel syndrome in adults: a systematic review. Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG. 2008;103:765\u201374.","journal-title":"Official J Am Coll Gastroenterology| ACG"},{"key":"4102_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx053","volume":"24","author":"A O\u2019Toole","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole A, de Silva PS, Marc LG, Ulysse CA, Testa MA, Ting A, et al. Sexual dysfunction in men with inflammatory bowel disease: a new IBD-specific scale. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24:310\u20136.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"4102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx100","volume":"11","author":"P Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivi\u00e8re P, Zallot C, Desobry P, Sabat\u00e9 J, Vergniol J, Zerbib F, et al. Frequency of and factors associated with sexual dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn\u2019s Colitis. 2017;11:1347\u201352.","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"4102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X15621230","volume":"9","author":"EM Quigley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quigley EM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: less to this than Meets the eye? Therapeutic Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9:199\u2013212.","journal-title":"Therapeutic Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000070","volume":"30","author":"G Barbara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barbara G, Cremon C, Stanghellini V. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome: similarities and differences. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2014;30:352\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4102_CR19","first-page":"189","volume":"22","author":"R Hamidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamidi R, Fekrizadeh Z, Azadbakht M, Garmaroudi G, Taheri Tanjani P, Fathizadeh S, et al. Validity and reliability Beck depression Inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015;22:189\u201398.","journal-title":"J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"4102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-61","volume":"8","author":"S Nedjat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nedjat S, Montazeri A, Holakouie K, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R. Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the world health organization\u2019s quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): a population-based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"4102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12449","volume":"11","author":"E Azimi Nekoo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Azimi Nekoo E, Burri A, Ashrafti F, Fridlund B, Koenig HG, Derogatis LR, et al. Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the female sexual distress scale-revised in women. J Sex Med. 2014;11:995\u20131004.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"4102_CR22","first-page":"304","volume":"41","author":"C Mendelsohn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendelsohn C. Smoking and depression: a review. Aus Fam Physician. 2012;41:304\u20137.","journal-title":"Aus Fam Physician"},{"key":"4102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2016.1171327","volume":"43","author":"AH Weinberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weinberger AH, Kashan RS, Shpigel DM, Esan H, Taha F, Lee CJ, et al. Depression and cigarette smoking behavior: A critical review of population-based studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2017;43:416\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abus"},{"key":"4102_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02272-9","volume":"23","author":"S Camacho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camacho S, D\u00edaz A, P\u00e9rez P, Batalla H, Flores Y, Altamirano E, et al. Sexual dysfunction worsens both the general and specific quality of life of women with irritable bowel syndrome. A cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23:134.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"4102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093061","volume":"13","author":"MNM Aziz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aziz MNM, Kumar J, Muhammad Nawawi KN, Raja Ali RA, Mokhtar NM. Irritable bowel syndrome, depression, and neurodegeneration: a bidirectional communication from gut to brain. Nutrients. 2021;13:3061.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4102_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2017.1322226","volume":"13","author":"L Sirri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sirri L, Grandi S, Tossani E. Smoking in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. J Dual Diagnosis. 2017;13:184\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Dual Diagnosis"},{"key":"4102_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16372","volume":"54","author":"NJ Talley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talley NJ, Powell N, Walker MM, Jones MP, Ronkainen J, Forsberg A, et al. Role of smoking in functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: three random population-based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;54:32\u201342.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4102_CR28","first-page":"72","volume":"34","author":"K Mahmood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmood K, Riaz R, Haq MSU, Hamid K, Jawed H. Association of cigarette smoking with irritable bowel syndrome: A cross-sectional study. Med J Islamic Repub Iran. 2020;34:72.","journal-title":"Med J Islamic Repub Iran"},{"key":"4102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001987","volume":"46","author":"A Sibelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sibelli A, Chalder T, Everitt H, Workman P, Windgassen S, Moss-Morris R. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the role of anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome onset. Psychol Med. 2016;46:3065\u201380.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15325","volume":"50","author":"M Zamani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zamani M, Alizadeh-Tabari S, Zamani V. Systematic review with meta\u2010analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:132\u201343.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30300-9","volume":"5","author":"KM Fairbrass","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fairbrass KM, Costantino SJ, Gracie DJ, Ford AC. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:1053\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4102_CR32","first-page":"216","volume":"18","author":"AN Noosh-abadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noosh-abadi AN, Rezaei O, Ebrahimi-Daryani N. The relationship between sexual function and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Govaresh. 2014;18:216\u201323.","journal-title":"Govaresh"},{"issue":"6","key":"4102_CR33","first-page":"529","volume":"17","author":"MR Tamannaifar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tamannaifar MR, Akhavan-Hejazi ZS. Comparing the mental health and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy subjects in Kashan. Iran Feyz J Kashan Univ Med Sci. 2013;17(6):529\u201335.","journal-title":"Iran. Feyz J Kashan Univ Med Sci."},{"key":"4102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15375","volume":"23","author":"R Boudiaf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boudiaf R, Bouchard D, Rivi\u00e8re P, Brochard C, Laharie D, Abramowitz L, et al. Assessment of sexual dysfunction in patients with perianal crohn\u2019s disease. Colorectal Dis. 2021;23:114\u201322.","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"4102_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03958-y","volume":"36","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wei S, Zeng Q, Wu X, Gan H. Prevalence and risk factors of sexual dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36:2027\u201338.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"4102_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000077","volume":"111","author":"G Rieger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rieger G, Savin-Williams RC, Chivers ML, Bailey JM. Sexual arousal and masculinity-femininity of women. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2016;111:265\u201383.","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6598.577","volume":"295","author":"E Guthrie","year":"1987","unstructured":"Guthrie E, Creed FH, Whorwell PJ. Severe sexual dysfunction in women with the irritable bowel syndrome: comparison with inflammatory bowel disease and duodenal ulceration. Br Med J (Clinical Res ed). 1987;295:577\u20138.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clinical Res ed)"},{"key":"4102_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000007471","volume":"59","author":"R Fass","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fass R, Fullerton S, Naliboff B, Hirsh T, Mayer EA. Sexual dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and non-ulcer dyspepsia. Digestion. 1998;59:79\u201385.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"4102_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2019.08.010","volume":"7","author":"J S\u00f8rensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen J, Schantz Laursen B, Drewes AM, Krarup AL. The incidence of sexual dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Sex Med. 2019;7:371\u201383.","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"4102_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx100","volume":"11","author":"P Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivi\u00e8re P, Zallot C, Desobry P, Sabat\u00e9 JM, Vergniol J, Zerbib F, et al. Frequency of and factors associated with sexual dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn\u2019s Colitis. 2017;11:1347\u201352.","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"4102_CR41","first-page":"561","volume":"31","author":"P S\u0142awik","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u0142awik P, Szul M, Fuchs A, Waluga M, Krzystanek M. Could problems in the bedroom come from our intestines? A preliminary study of IBS and its impact on female sexuality. Psychiatria Danubina. 2019;31:561\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatria Danubina"},{"key":"4102_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2047-1","volume":"57","author":"MD Eugenio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eugenio MD, Jun SE, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Heitkemper MM. Comprehensive self-management reduces the negative impact of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms on sexual functioning. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:1636\u201346.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"4102_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.08.016","volume":"17","author":"S Ballou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ballou S, McMahon C, Lee HN, Katon J, Shin A, Rangan V, et al. Effects of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Daily Activities Vary Among Subtypes Based on Results From the IBS in America Survey. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association. 2019;17:2471-8.e3.","journal-title":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1751882599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04102-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted with ethics approval under the code IR.UMSHA.REC.1400.132 from the Hamadan University of Medical Science ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"504"}}