{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:23:50Z","timestamp":1787167430783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001840","name":"Icelandic Centre for Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207113-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207113-051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:32Z","timestamp":1759919552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["ICD-10 code validation for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving oral anticoagulation: nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Arnar Bragi","family":"Ingason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3hann P\u00e1ll","family":"Hreinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnar Sn\u00e6r","family":"\u00c1g\u00fastsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigr\u00fan Helga","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Rumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigr\u00ed\u00f0ur","family":"Kristj\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einar Stef\u00e1n","family":"Bj\u00f6rnsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30054-6","volume":"4","author":"TB Larsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Larsen TB, Skjoth F, Kjaeldgaard JN, Lip GYH, Nielsen PB, Sogaard M. Effectiveness and safety of Rivaroxaban and warfarin in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a propensity-matched nationwide cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(5):e237\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"4325_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j510","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j510","volume":"356","author":"PB Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen PB, Skjoth F, Sogaard M, Kjaeldgaard JN, Lip GY, Larsen TB. Effectiveness and safety of reduced dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: propensity weighted nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2017;356:j510.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4325_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k2505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2505","volume":"362","author":"Y Vinogradova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hill T, Hippisley-Cox J. Risks and benefits of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in a real world setting: cohort study in primary care. BMJ. 2018;362:k2505.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4325_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13814","volume":"85","author":"T Mueller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mueller T, Alvarez-Madrazo S, Robertson C, Wu O, Bennie M. Comparative safety and effectiveness of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation in clinical practice in Scotland. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(2):422\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4325_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2522","volume":"172","author":"M Fralick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fralick M, Colacci M, Schneeweiss S, Huybrechts KF, Lin KJ, Gagne JJ. Effectiveness and safety of Apixaban compared with Rivaroxaban for patients with atrial fibrillation in routine practice: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(7):463\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halvorsen S, Johnsen SP, Madsen M, Linder M, Sulo G, Ghanima W, Gislason G, Hohnloser SH, Jenkins A, Al-Khalili F et al. Effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in atrial fibrillation: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab048"},{"issue":"3","key":"4325_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-022-02763-w","volume":"55","author":"M Jansson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jansson M, Sj\u00e4lander S, Sj\u00f6gren V, Bj\u00f6rck F, Renlund H, Norrving B, Sj\u00e4lander A. Reduced dose direct oral anticoagulants compared with warfarin with high time in therapeutic range in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2023;55(3):415\u201325.","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"4325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.07.021","volume":"181","author":"C Joos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joos C, Lawrence K, Jones AE, Johnson SA, Witt DM. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for identifying hospitalizations for acute anticoagulation therapy-related bleeding events. Thromb Res. 2019;181:71\u20136.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4783","volume":"28","author":"N Shehab","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shehab N, Ziemba R, Campbell KN, Geller AI, Moro RN, Gage BF, Budnitz DS, Yang TH. Assessment of ICD-10-CM code assignment validity for case finding of outpatient anticoagulant-related bleeding among medicare beneficiaries. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28(7):951\u201364.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"4325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1474","volume":"174","author":"AB Ingason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ingason AB, Hreinsson JP, Agustsson AS, Lund SH, Rumba E, Palsson DA, Reynisson IE, Guethmundsdottir BR, Onundarson PT, Bjornsson ES. Rivaroxaban is associated with higher rates of Gastrointestinal bleeding than other direct oral anticoagulants: A nationwide propensity Score-Weighted study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(11):1493\u2013502.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4325_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32835948e3","volume":"25","author":"JP Hreinsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hreinsson JP, Gumundsson S, Kalaitzakis E, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES. Lower Gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology, and outcomes in a population-based setting. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(1):37\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4325_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.763174","volume":"48","author":"JP Hreinsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hreinsson JP, Kalaitzakis E, Gudmundsson S, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES. Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology and outcomes in a population-based setting. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(4):439\u201347.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4325_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.06.033","volume":"21","author":"AB Ingason","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ingason AB, Hreinsson JP, Agustsson AS, Lund SH, Rumba E, Palsson DA, Reynisson IE, Gudmundsdottir BR, Onundarson PT, Bjornsson ES. Warfarin is associated with higher rates of upper but not lower Gastrointestinal bleeding compared with direct oral anticoagulants: A Population-Based Propensity-Weighted cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(2):347\u201357. e310.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0841-6","volume":"19","author":"E Oger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oger E, Botrel MA, Juchault C, Bouget J. Sensitivity and specificity of an algorithm based on medico-administrative data to identify hospitalized patients with major bleeding presenting to an emergency department. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):194.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4325_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42444-019-0005-0","volume":"20","author":"J Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park J, Kwon S, Choi E-K, Choi Y-j, Lee E, Choe W, Lee S-R, Cha M-J, Lim W-H, Oh S. Validation of diagnostic codes of major clinical outcomes in a National health insurance database. Int J Arrhythmia. 2019;20(1):5.","journal-title":"Int J Arrhythmia"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:33Z","timestamp":1759919553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04325-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Icelandic Bioethics Committee (VSN-18-111-V1). As this was a retrospective database study with no active patient participation, the need for consent for participation was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"706"}}