{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:18:35Z","timestamp":1793121515542,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects nearly one-third of the adult population worldwide, and currently, there are no approved pharmacological therapies. Akkermansia muciniphila, a bacterium found in the gut, has been identified as a promising therapeutic candidate due to its influence on the gut-liver axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of A. muciniphila in preclinical mouse models of NAFLD, focusing on its effects on body weight, glucolipid metabolism, liver function, gut barrier integrity, gut microbiota composition, inflammation, and immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar until September 30, 2025, for studies investigating A. muciniphila interventions in NAFLD mouse models. Inclusion criteria comprised mouse models of NAFLD, MAFLD, or NASH that involved A. muciniphila administration alongside a control group. Data were extracted concerning study characteristics, intervention details, and outcomes. The quality assessment of the studies was performed using the SYRCLE\u2019s Risk of Bias tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen studies were included, predominantly employing C57BL\/6 mice and high-fat diets. Results indicated that\n                      <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                      reduced body weight, hepatic steatosis, and serum lipid levels, while improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST). It also enhanced gut barrier function by upregulating tight junction protein expression and reducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effects were evidenced by decreased levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and MCP-1, alongside immunomodulation through the balance of Th17 and Treg cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A. muciniphila exhibits potential in the management of preclinical NAFLD by improving metabolic, hepatic, and gut-related parameters. However, the absence of clinical trials limits the translatability of these findings. Future clinical investigations are imperative to establish efficacy, optimize dosing, and evaluate long-term safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review has been documented with PROSPERO under the identifier: CRD42024610627.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:55:13Z","timestamp":1763549713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Therapeutic potential of Akkermansia muciniphila in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Parastoo","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ahmadi-Khorram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeedeh","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4436_CR1","unstructured":"Malik A, Malik M. Effects of curcumin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2561\u20134444 (Electronic))."},{"key":"4436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","author":"ML Teng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, Chan KE, Tan DJ, Lim WH, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330504","volume":"20","author":"Y Mao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mao Y, Du J, Li B, Wang J, Xuan S, Yang S, et al. Global burden of NAFLD 1990\u20132021 and projections to 2035: results from the global burden of disease study 2021. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(8):e0330504.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31822-8","volume":"8","author":"P Almeda-Vald\u00e9s","year":"2009","unstructured":"Almeda-Vald\u00e9s P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2009;8(Suppl 1):S18-24.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.033","volume":"65","author":"R Pais","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pais R, Barritt ASt, Calmus Y, Scatton O, Runge T, Lebray P, et al. NAFLD and liver transplantation: current burden and expected challenges. J Hepatol. 2016;65(6):1245\u201357.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03921-z","volume":"25","author":"F Salmanizadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salmanizadeh F, Sabzevari S, Shafieipour S, Zahedi MJ, Sarafinejad A. Challenges and needs in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from the perspective of gastroenterology and hepatology specialists: a qualitative study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25(1):396.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/livers3040042","volume":"3","author":"J Beiriger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beiriger J, Chauhan K, Khan A, Shahzad T, Parra NS, Zhang P, et al. Advancements in understanding and treating NAFLD: a comprehensive review of Metabolic-Associated fatty liver disease and emerging therapies. Livers. 2023;3(4):637\u201356.","journal-title":"Livers"},{"key":"4436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149","author":"P Zarghamravanbakhsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Frenkel M, Poretsky L. Metabolic causes and consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metab Open. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149.","journal-title":"Metab Open"},{"key":"4436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004911","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1004911","volume":"13","author":"TR Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han TR, Yang WJ, Tan QH, Bai S, Zhong H, Tai Y, et al. Gut microbiota therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from randomized clinical trials. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1004911.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113522","author":"Z Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan Z, Mao B, Zhang Q, Tang X, Yang B, Zhao J, et al. Postbiotics prepared using Lactobacillus paracasei CCFM1224 prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota and liver metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232113522.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1155306","volume":"10","author":"C Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao C, Shi M, Wang X, Yao Y, Zeng R. Effects of probiotics on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of human clinical trials. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1155306.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1037708","volume":"13","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Ke H, Wang Y, Chen S, Liu X, Lin Q, et al. Global trends in Akkermansia muciniphila research: a bibliometric visualization. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1037708.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1984104","volume":"13","author":"J Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan J, Sheng L, Li H. Akkermansia muciniphila: is it the holy Grail for ameliorating metabolic diseases? Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1984104.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"5","key":"4436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-022-0960-z","volume":"16","author":"Y Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han Y, Li L, Wang B. Role of Akkermansia muciniphila in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current knowledge and perspectives. Front Med. 2022;16(5):667\u201385.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"4436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0107","volume":"6","author":"C Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue C, Li G, Gu X, Su Y, Zheng Q, Yuan X, et al. Health and disease: Akkermansia muciniphila, the shining star of the gut flora. Research. 2023;6:0107.","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2474730","volume":"57","author":"Z Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian Z, Chen S, Liao X, Xie J, Xu Y, Zhong H, et al. Decreased intestinal abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila is associated with metabolic disorders among people living with HIV. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2474730.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"4436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4436_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","volume":"14","author":"CR Hooijmans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RB, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW. SYRCLE\u2019s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:43.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"4436_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12051020","author":"T Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu T, Zeng Z, Yu Y. Role of probiotics in gut microbiome and metabolome in Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model: a comparative study. Microorganisms. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12051020.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.149131","volume":"684","author":"D Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu D, Chen M, Zhu H, Liu X, Cui Y, Zhou W, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and its outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 prevent high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023;684:149131.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"4436_CR21","first-page":"763","volume":"11","author":"FL Nian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nian FL, Wu LY, Xia QY, Tian PY, Ding CM, Lu XL. Akkermansia muciniphila and bifidobacterium bifidum prevent NAFLD by regulating FXR expression and gut microbiota. J Clin Translational Hepatol. 2023;11(4):763\u201376.","journal-title":"J Clin Translational Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14293","volume":"16","author":"W Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu W, Kaicen W, Bian X, Yang L, Ding S, Li Y, Li S, Zhuge A, Li L. Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates high-fat-diet-related metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids. Microb Biotechnol. 2023;16(10):1924\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.14293.","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2221485","volume":"15","author":"Y Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han Y, Ling Q, Wu L, Wang X, Wang Z, Chen J, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by orchestrating TLR2-activated \u03b3\u03b4T17 cell and macrophage polarization. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2221485.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042325","volume":"23","author":"MC Morrison","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morrison MC, Gart E, Duyvenvoorde Wv, Snabel J, Nielsen MJ, Leeming DJ, et al. Heat-inactivated Akkermansia muciniphila improves gut permeability but does not prevent development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in diet-induced obese Ldlr\u2013\/\u2013. Leiden mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(4):2325.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4436_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1047570","author":"T Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li T, Lin X, Shen B, Zhang W, Liu Y, Liu H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila suppressing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated tumorigenesis through CXCR6\u2009+\u2009natural killer T cells. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1047570.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4436_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10122001","author":"M Ju\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Fern\u00e1ndez M, Porras D, Petrov P, Rom\u00e1n-Sag\u00fcillo S, Garc\u00eda-Mediavilla MV, Soluyanova P, et al. The synbiotic combination of Akkermansia muciniphila and Quercetin ameliorates early obesity and NAFLD through gut microbiota reshaping and bile acid metabolism modulation. Antioxidants. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10122001.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"4436_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1927633","author":"Y Rao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rao Y, Kuang ZQ, Li C, Guo SY, Xu YH, Zhao DN, et al. Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate via gut-liver axis. Gut Microbes. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2021.1927633.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00564-y","volume":"10","author":"N Oguri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oguri N, Miyoshi J, Nishinarita Y, Wada H, Nemoto N, Hibi N, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila in the small intestine improves liver fibrosis in a murine liver cirrhosis model. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2024;10(1):81.","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"4436_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105482","volume":"111","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Y, Hu X, Jiang L, Luo J, Huang J, Sun Y, et al. Microbiome and metabolomics reveal the effect of gut microbiota on liver regeneration of fatty liver disease. EBioMedicine. 2025;111:105482.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101900","volume":"6","author":"XQ Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu XQ, Ying F, Chung KPS, Leung CON, Leung RWH, So KKH, et al. Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila complements the efficacy of PD1 therapy in MAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6(1):101900.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.10.010","volume":"15","author":"A Zhuge","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhuge A, Li S, Han S, Yuan Y, Shen J, Wu W, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila-derived acetate activates the hepatic AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 axis to alleviate ferroptosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025;15(1):151\u201367.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00375-2","volume":"8","author":"SMA Francque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Francque SMA, Dirinck E. Nafld prevalence and severity in overweight and obese populations. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(1):2\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2","volume":"15","author":"Y Geng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geng Y, Faber KN, de Meijer VE, Blokzijl H, Moshage H. How does hepatic lipid accumulation lead to lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Hepatol Int. 2021;15(1):21\u201335.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"4436_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081237","volume":"11","author":"V Francisco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Francisco V, Sanz MJ, Real JT, Marques P, Capuozzo M, Ait Eldjoudi D, et al. Adipokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: are we on the road toward new biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Biology. 2022;11(8):1237.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4436_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01649-8","volume":"55","author":"H Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu H, Lin A, Kong M, Yao X, Yin M, Xia H, et al. Intestinal microbiome and NAFLD: molecular insights and therapeutic perspectives. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(2):142\u201358.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4436_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0013","volume":"37","author":"JP Nogueira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nogueira JP, Cusi K. Role of insulin resistance in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: from bench to patient care. Diabetes Spectr. 2024;37(1):20\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4436_CR37","first-page":"452","volume":"11","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu L, Yin M, Gao J, Yu C, Lin J, Wu A, et al. Intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2023;11(2):452\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"4436_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.700058","volume":"8","author":"D Tokuhara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tokuhara D. Role of the gut microbiota in regulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Front Nutr. 2021;8:700058.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4436_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880298","volume":"13","author":"Y Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan Y, Pan X, Luo J, Xiao X, Li J, Bestman PL, et al. Association of inflammatory cytokines with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:880298.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4436_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14030153","volume":"14","author":"S Rafaqat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rafaqat S, Gluscevic S, Mercantepe F, Rafaqat S, Klisic A. Interleukins: pathogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolites. 2024;14(3):153.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"4436_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165369","author":"J Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang J, Postigo-Fernandez J, Kim K, Zhu C, Yu J, Meroni M, et al. Notch-mediated hepatocyte MCP-1 secretion causes liver fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.165369.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"12","key":"4436_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150531153627","volume":"16","author":"DA Giles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Divanovic S. IL-17 axis driven inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression. Curr Drug Targets. 2015;16(12):1315\u201323.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"5","key":"4436_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.03.005","volume":"24","author":"AM Mirea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirea AM, Tack CJ, Chavakis T, Joosten LAB, Toonen EJM. IL-1 family cytokine pathways underlying NAFLD: towards new treatment strategies. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(5):458\u201371.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"4436_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1336493","volume":"15","author":"Z Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Z, Wu Q, Xie P, Wang J, Lv W. Immunomodulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: exploring mechanisms and applications. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1336493.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4436_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.029","volume":"41","author":"M-J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu M-J, Yang J-Y, Yan Z-H, Hu S, Li J-Q, Xu Z-X, et al. Recent findings in Akkermansia muciniphila-regulated metabolism and its role in intestinal diseases. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(10):2333\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4436_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","volume":"25","author":"C Depommier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Depommier C, Everard A, Druart C, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Vieira-Silva S, et al. Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nat Med. 2019;25(7):1096\u2013103.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4436_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augustijn QJJ, Grefhorst A, de Groen P, Wortelboer K, Seegers JFML, G\u00fcl IS, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial protocol to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of lyophilised faecal microbiota capsules amended with next-generation beneficial bacteria in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. BMJ Open. 2025;15(1).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088290"}],"container-title":["BMC Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T10:55:26Z","timestamp":1763549726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12876-025-04436-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-230X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-230X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"822"}}