{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:04:03Z","timestamp":1780027443390,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minufiya University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Gastroenterol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One of serious side effects of liver cirrhosis is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), which is defined by existence of infected ascites without a discernible secondary source of infection. One possible mechanism for development of SBP is microbial translocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To ascertain prevalence, microbiological profile and outcomes of spontaneous bacterial and fungal peritonitis in Egyptian patients with liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three hundred cirrhotic patients with ascites who were hospitalized for spontaneous peritonitis (SP) participated in cross-sectional research. Laboratory investigations using bacterial and fungal cultures were carried out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All participants with diagnosis of SP were included. Their mean age was 59.50 years, and 68.7% of them were men. In addition, 13.7% of subjects had spontaneous fungal peritonitis, whereas 47.3% of participants had SBP. Of SBP cases, 50.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200972) had gram negative (-ve) bacteria isolated from them, whereas 49.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200970) had gram positive (+\u2009ve) bacteria. Streptococcus 8.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) was the commenest gram-positive isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 33.8%(\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200948). On the other hand, Klebsiella 29.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200942) was the commenest gram-negative isolate, followed by Escherichia coli 14.4%(\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919). The outcome of SBP cases with and without multidrug resistance do not differ significantly. On multivariate analysis, femal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), low ascitic protein level and high ascitic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.014) were significant independent predictors for SFP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SBP and SFP frequently provide serious life-threatening dangers in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Alertness for SFP is increased with low ascitic protein level and high ascitic LDH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04546-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T03:26:43Z","timestamp":1780025203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, microbiological profile, and outcomes of spontaneous bacterial and fungal peritonitis in Egyptian patients with liver cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Zeinab Seif","family":"El-Din","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3225-7164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Abdelsameea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samah Mohammad","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Elsayed","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Elsabaawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Nashaat","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"4546_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albillos A, Martin-Mateos R, Van der Merwe S et al. 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